We examine the effect of rainfall on agricultural output and democratization in world’s most countries. As economics literature, we find that relationship between has an inverted U-shape, as agriculture is harmed by both droughts very wet conditions. also to be transitory. The U-shaped short run, this persists long run. Hence democratic transitions outlast (transitory) shocks started process. c...

The term “freedom of expression” is quite broad and holistic. It includes, within its ambit, not only the conventional freedom speech media, but also thoughts, cultural expression, conscience, intellectual inquiry. Freedom expression ensures an individual's right to express his/her views openly domain constitution, which contains be criticial prevailing injustices, illegal, anti-social activiti...

Recent development cooperation with Guinea‐Bissau, focusing on good governance, state‐ building and conflict prevention, did not contribute to democratization nor to the stabili‐ zation of volatile political, military and economic structures. The portrayal of Guinea‐ Bissau as a failed “narco‐state”, as well as Western aid meant to stabilize this state, are both based on dubious...

Over the past quarter century, an unprecedented and often unanticipated wave of democratization has spread over large parts of the world. While some skepticism is reasonable regarding both the level and durability of many of the new experiments of democratization, the direction and scope of these developments are largely beyond dispute. The main goal of this essay is to use an unprecedented bod...

This article demonstrates that socioeconomic development, emancipative cultural change and democratization constitute a coherent syndrome of social progress – a syndrome whose common focus has not been properly specified by classical modernization theory. We specify this syndrome as ‘human development’, arguing that its three components have a common focus on broadening human choice. Socioecono...

Research introduction and methodology. In this research, four cases of social change processes in Latin America have been analyzed, paying special attention to the relationship between media, democracy and power. A selection of countries has been chosen because of their specific characteristics, as they represent different models of communication democratization: Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador and...

This paper is a response to Pan Wei’s rule of law regime reform proposal. It agrees with Pan that the direction of political reform taken and discussed inside China is indeed different from the democratization that has been pushed by outside pro-democracy activists, including Chinese dissidents. While some Chinese scholars and think-tank analysts talk about political reform, they are not propos...

I investigate how the third wave of democracy influenced national defense spending by reference to a panel 110 countries over 1972–2013 period. apply new data from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute on military expenditures, which has been extended years prior 1988, and four measures address differences among indices democracy. The results dynamic model suggest that democracy’s re...

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