The term downcycling is often used anecdotally to describe imperfections in recycling. However, it rarely defined. Here, we identify six meanings of the as scientific articles and reports. These encompass material quality reprocessed materials, target applications, product value, alloying element losses, systems, additional primary production. In a proposal for harmonized more specific terminol...

by employing the theoretical method based on tight-binding, we study electronic band structure of single-wall carbon nanotube (cnt) superlattices, which the system is the made of the junction between the zigzag and armchair carbon nanotubes. exactly at the place of connection, it is appeared the pentagon–heptagon pairs as topological defect in carbon hexagonal network. the calculations are base...

background: there is some evidence indicating improvement in myocardial performance after atrial septal defect closure, either device closure or surgical, but ventricular dyssynchrony has not been evaluated before and after surgical closure. the aim of this study was to evaluate ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with atrial septal defect before and after surgical closure. methods:...