BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine whether alveolar dead space increases during intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures and whether alveolar dead space predicts postoperative pulmonary dysfunction in patients undergoing intramedullary nailing of a femoral shaft fracture. METHODS All patients with a femoral shaft fracture were prospectively enrolled in the study unless...

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are characterized by a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema responsible for a significant impairment of gas exchange. The pulmonary dead space increase, which is due primarily to an alteration in pulmonary blood flow distribution, is largely responsible for carbon dioxide retention. Previous studies, computing the pulmonary dead space by meas...

Bit-error rates are computed for an on-off keying optical communication system using avalanche photodiodes (APD’s). We use a model for the APD that includes dead space and the finite response time. Dead space is the minimum distance that a newly generated carrier must travel in order to acquire sufficient energy to become capable of causing an impact ionization in the multiplication region of t...

Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women.[1] Simple mastectomy is a common surgical procedure that is used in the management of breast cancer. Seroma is one of the most frequently encountered complications following mastectomy and is a serous fluid that accumulates in the space between the skin flap and underlying tissues. It may cause significant morbidity, ...

The Abdominal Incision The caudal ventral median celiotomy is the most popular approach because it is simple and allows access to most of the equine abdomen. This incision extends for 25 cm or more from a point 2.5 cm cranial to the umbilicus. A more cranial approach would also be indicated if preoperative information suggested a lesion in the cranial part of the abdomen, such as diaphragmatic ...