this paper explains offset and develops a strategic approach for the implementation of offset-policy for a buyer country. offset emerges when a country cannot afford to pay cash for non-essential imports, and cannot get cash for many of its products. offset arrangements are most frequently found in the defense-related sector. however, recently, it refers to a range of industrial and commercial ...

The least mean square (LMS) algorithm has practical problems in the analog domain mainly due to dc offset effects. If digital LMS adaptation is used, a digitizer (analog-to-digital converter or comparator) is required for each gradient signal as well as the filter output. Furthermore, in some cases the state signals are not available anywhere in the analog signal path necessitating additional a...

An area receiving significant attention both from academia and industry is data communications. Great effort is being placed at pushing data transmission rates over copper to near the Shannon limit which requires support electronics such as filters operating in the VHF range. Thus, tuning mechanisms are essential to accommodate fabrication and channel variations. One technology to accommodate t...

1. Introduction Recently, sensor chips using mixed-signal CMOS technology have been applied for sensing and monitoring biological functions [1], [2]. A low-noise amplifier is one of the key circuits for detecting small level signals in the sensor chip. Extremely low voltage operation is required for wireless systems using such new energy sources as solar batteries or bio-batteries. However, wit...

Two filtering algorithms for removal of DC offset and subsynchronous resonance terms in the current/voltage signals in a transmission line under fault condition are presented. One of the algorithms utilizes the samples of the signal over a time interval slightly greater than one cycle time of the fundamental component and is computationally less demanding than the existing Fourier filters. The ...

Significant departures between predicted behaviour and actual performance are observed in opamp based structures containing the so-called MOS Resistive Circuit. In this paper we demonstrate that the usual description of this cell by a simple model of two tunable resistors is not adequate enough to properly describe the MRC operation. A more complete, still simple model is proposed and shown to ...

University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111 We use equivalent electrical circuits to analyze the effects of large parasitic impedances existing in all sample probes on four-terminal-pair measurements of the ac quantized Hall resistance RH. The circuit components include the externally measurable parasitic capacitances, inductances, lead resistances, and leakage resistances of ac quantiz...

Due to aggressive goals for future communication systems, direct-conversion receivers are an attractive option in terms of compactness and power dissipation. But the price to pay is an additional impairment introduced by IQ mismatch and DC offset, which might be compensated by appropriately designed DSP algorithms. In this context, recovery of carrier and imbalance parameters has been investiga...