By using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY (Y1) receptor mRNA as well as NPY-like immunoreactivity were examined in the lumbar spinal cord (L4-L5) and in dorsal root ganglia (DRG, L5) in rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hindpaw. A rapid and marked increase in NPY mRNA expression was observed in ipsilateral dor...

introduction: knee joint osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal problems in adult population, which cause pain and functional limitations. involvement of medial compartment is almost 10 times more common than lateral compartment, which results in varus deformity among patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint. main objectives in the treatment of knee joi...

Background: Role of nitric oxide (NO) in morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) has already been proposed in the rat medial septum (MS), but no molecular evidence has been provided to clear this fact. Methods: Effects of intraseptal injections of L-arginine and/or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on morphine place conditioning in Wistar rats were examined. Morphine (2.5-7....

The mu-opioid receptor (MOR), a G-protein-coupled receptor, is internalized after endogenous agonist binding. Although receptor activation and internalization are separate events, internalization is a good assay for activation because endogenous opioid peptides all induce internalization. Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized rats induces MOR internalization, providing a neurochemical signature ...

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)injury, is one of the most common ligament injuries of the knee,mostly results from a valgus force.Restoration of function and going back to the pre-injury level of function is the aim of treatment in ligament injuries of the knee. There are multiple soft tissue structures in medial side that play an important role in connection with each other to retain medial s...

As part of a research program on the evolution of somatosensory systems in vertebrates, the dorsal column nucleus (DCN) was studied with (immuno)histochemical and tract-tracing techniques in anurans (the large green frog, Rana perezi, and the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis). The anuran DCN contains some nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-positive neurons, very little calbindin ...

introduction: the septal area is an important telencephalic center that plays a prominent role in the learning, emotional sexual behaviour processes and autonomic functions. this area contains two main divisions; lateral (ls) and medial (ms), that receive numerus afferents from hippocampal formation. this study compares, quantitatively distributional pattern of the afferent neurons to these two...

The perforant path constitutes the primary projection system relaying information from the neocortex to the hippocampal formation. Long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) in the perforant path projections to the dentate gyrus is well characterized. However, surprisingly few studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying LTP induction in the direct perforant path projections to the hippocampus. ...