smotic pressure and associated residual stresses play important oles in cartilage development and biomechanical function. The urling behavior of articular cartilage was believed to be the ombination of results from the osmotic pressure derived from xed negative charges on proteoglycans and the structural and ompositional and material property inhomogeneities within the issue. In the present stu...

The protease from type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a critical drug target against which many therapeutically useful inhibitors have been developed; however, the set of viral strains in the population has been shifting to become more drug-resistant. Because indirect effects are contributing to drug resistance, an examination of the dynamic structures of a wild-type and a mutant cou...

Retroflex sounds are classically defined as produced with the tongue tip curled backward and often in contact behind the alveolar ridge ([1], [2], [3]). The sounds, however, present a great inter-language, interand intra-speaker articulatory variation. Retroflex stops in Nepali, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, are produced with the tongue tip with no backward curling movement at the alv...

Thin adhesive pads used to attach objects to each other often fail catastrophically. Here we consider the nature of failure of such a pad under loading parallel to the adhesive substrate. To determine the modes of failure of the pad and to understand what limits its load bearing capacity, we conduct experiments with finite pads composed of a soft adhesive layer with a stiff backing and load the...