Anthocyanins are pigmented compounds in plants, which are known to play a protective role under different stress conditions. For example, anthocyanin content tends to increase under UV-B irradiation, drought, cold, toxic metals in soils and pathogens attack [1]. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.), anthocyanin pigments are found in different organs such as culm, le...

Here we report a description of putative tool use in wild mountain gorillas. At the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund's Karisoke Research Center in Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda), an adult female was observed using a bamboo culm as a ladder for her offspring. This is one of only a few documented cases of possible tool use in wild gorillas, although tool use behavior is commonly observed in captive gor...

Lowland multiple-channel rivers are characterised by floodplain-corridor heterogeneity, high ecological and heritage value, can be in quasi-stable states. This holistic study of a surviving temperate zone example (Culm, UK) uses geomorphological mapping, 14C, direct sediment dating (OSL, fallout radionuclides), palaeoecology. reveals the evolution channel-floodplain system from an initial braid...

Effective schemes to name uniquely and d e h e parts of grass plants allow researchers to communicate results of their experiments accurately and precisely. Naming schemes for vegetative parts of grass plants have been developed; however, no system exists to name uniquely parts of the inflorescence. In this report, we present a method to extend existing systems to name parts of grass spikes. Sp...

in order to study the effect of irrigation cut on dry matter remobilization and some of agronomy traits on spring barley, a field experiment was conducted by using a split-plot based on randomized complete block design (rcbd), in three replications, at agricultural and natural resource research center of ardebil, in 2009. irrigation treatments included normal irrigation (as local routine in pas...

Developmental scales for cereals describe apex and plant morphology separately. In order to link crucial steps of internal and external development, in three varieties of Hordeum vulgare spp. distichum L., sown in autumn and in spring, we recorded plant, leaf and apex stage, following the scales of Zadoks, Haun, and Banerjee and Wienhues, the number of primordia, culm and spike length, and the ...