milton friedman’s seminal article, “methodology of positive economics”, is one of the most important and contentious works ever been discussed within the realm of economic methodology. in this article, on the basis of an instrumentalist approach to the nature of theorizing, friedman declares the tenets of positive economics, and in this vein, he professes his disputable doctrine about “unrealis...

From the first commentaries of Akhundzadeh to Jamalzadeh’s introduction to Yeki Bud YekiNabud, i.e., over a period of almost fifty years, we can see a collection of a few scattered commentaries on story and novel which are rarely noticed by researchers. These scattered commentaries can be regarded as the first literary manifests of story and novel. These critiques and commentaries include subje...

ibn abī al-ḥadīd, as one of the commentators of nahj al-balāgha has tried in his commentaries to take into consideration one of the important principles of fiqh al-ḥadīth, i.e. critique of tradition. having examined the critical approach of the commentator in his writings as well as his pivotal ijtihād (legal reasoning) in his treating traditions, the writer of this article has studied the meth...

Critical evaluation of clinical trials is essential prior to applying results into clinical practice. We have created the acronym, PIES (Population, Intervention, Endpoints, and Statistics) that encapsulates the four basic aspects of a trial. The PIES method creates a systematic approach to critically evaluating a trial, allowing practitioners to formulate opinions as to the applicability to cl...

Eraser is a tool for dynamic detection of race conditions in multithreaded programs. It ensures the presence of a consistent locking discipline by checking that shared-memory references are correctly protected by locks. While the system is augmented for certain scenarios, at a high level Eraser maintains a state of whether each variable is accessed by a single thread, multiple read-only threads...

or neo-Adansonian taxonomy has also created considerable interest. That our conventional taxonomy has many shortcomings is obvious, and the purpose of this paper is to review the history of some areas of conventional taxonomy, to state my personal views for improvements, and to evaluate critically some publications on numerical taxonomy. If this paper is to have an impact for improvement, it se...

CCM is a conventional authenticated-encryption scheme obtained from a 128-bit block cipher. The mechanism has been adopted as the mandatory encryption algorithm in an IEEE 802.11 draft stan­ dard [15], and its use has been proposed more broadly [16, 17]. In this note we point out a number of limitations of CCM. A related note provides an alternative to CCM [5].