synapses. Spillover of transmitter introduces a divergence of information flow superimposed on that produced by divergence in the wiring of synaptic connections. In the case of glutamate, it may also have significant implications for our understanding of the mechanisms Although a modulation of excitatory transmission by Summary GABA spillover has been observed in the hippocampus (Isaacson et al...

Rice plays an especial role in Iranian households' nutrition basket. The volatilities of its price during recent years caused consumers' dissatisfaction. This paper investigates spillover effects of price volatilities (at the wholesale and retail levels) in the Guilan Province rice market. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Hetroscedasitic (GARCH) model was used for the monthly time per...

Under the U.S. Special Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program, the three major infant formula manufacturers compete for WIC supply contracts, state by state. Policy makers have been puzzled by why the contracted WIC price is extremely low compared to the non-WIC price. Our explanation is that winning the WIC contract is extremely valuable to a manufacturer because of a...

Diffusion of glutamate from the synaptic cleft can activate high-affinity receptors, but is not thought to contribute to fast AMPA receptor-mediated transmission. Here, we show that single AMPA receptor EPSCs at the cerebellar mossy fiber-granule cell connection are mediated by both direct release of glutamate and rapid diffusion of glutamate from neighboring synapses. Immunogold localization r...

This paper examines the importance of “spillover” effects of changes in industry concentration among vertically related industries over the period 1978-2006. Specifically, we investigate the timing, magnitude, and direction of the relation between changes in industry concentration across vertically related industries. We document that changes in customer industry concentration are positively re...

Can compulsory voting induce lasting changes in citizens’ voting habits? We study the long-term and spillover effects of a severely sanctioned and long-standing compulsory voting law in the Swiss canton of Vaud (1900–1970). Our findings suggest that compulsory voting strongly increases turnout in federal referendums by about 30 percentage points. However, this effect returns to zero quickly aft...

Industry cross-sectional studies of spillover effects from inward foreign direct investment (FDI) have reported many conflicting findings. This study focuses on a single sub-sector to investigate whether more robust findings can be discerned, and whether spillovers decline over time. Data for China’s electronics industry for 41 sub-sectors for the years 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2001 are employed. T...

abstract: gridlock is an extreme traffic state where vehicle cannot move at all. this research studies the development of gridlock by theoretical and numerical analysis. it is shown that the development of gridlock can be divided into several stages. the core of the development is the evolution of congestion loop. a congestion loop is comprised of a number of consecutively connected spillover l...

BACKGROUND A few cases depicting apoplexy in a chordoma have been reported. Rarely, this intratumoral bleed may spillover into intracerebral or intraventricular regions. CASE DESCRIPTION The authors report an intradural variety of clival chordoma presenting with apoplexy and spillover of blood into lateral ventricle. Clinical presentation, radiological scans, and relevant literature is also d...