Monetised estimates of the impact of climate change are derived. Impacts are expressed as functions of climate change and ‘vulnerability’. Vulnerability is measured by a series of indicators, such as per capita income, population above 65, and economic structure. Impacts are estimated for nine world regions, for the period 2000–2200, for agriculture, forestry, water resources, energy consumptio...

It is argued that estimating the damage costs of a certain benchmark climate change is not sufficient. What is needed are cost functions and confidence intervals. Although these are contained in the integrated models and their technical manuals, this paper brings them into the open in order to stimulate discussion. After briefly reviewing the benchmark climate change damage costs, region-specif...

identification of a real time of a change in a process, when an out-of-control signal is present is significant. this may reduce costs of defective products as well as the time of exploring and fixing the cause of defects. another popular topic in the statistical process control (spc) is profile monitoring, where knowing the distribution of one or more quality characteristics may not be appropr...

Climate change would impact different countries differently, and different countries have different levels of development. Equity-weighted estimates of the (marginal) impact of greenhouse gas emissions reflect these differences. Equity-weighted estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions are substantially higher than estimates without equity-weights; equity-weights may als...

New Zealand is unique in that half of its national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory derives from agriculture--predominantly as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in a 2:1 ratio. The remaining GHG emissions predominantly comprise carbon dioxide (CO2) deriving from energy and industry sources. Proposed strategies to mitigate emissions of CH4 and N2O from pastoral agriculture in New Zealand are:...

This paper examines the impact of technical change on European bank costs and profits between 1992 and 2000. The estimates suggest that technological change reduced the total costs of European banks at an average rate of 3.8% per annum. However, technical change reduced profits by 0.45% annually over the same period. As found in an earlier study by Altunbas et al (1999) pure and non-neutral com...

The tortuosity of the track taken by an animal searching for food profoundly affects search efficiency, which should be optimised to maximise net energy gain. Models examining this generally describe movement as a series of straight steps interspaced by turns, and implicitly assume no turn costs. We used both empirical- and modelling-based approaches to show that the energetic costs for turns i...

In this paper we examine the evidence for the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) estimate that the costs of global climate change will be on the order of 1.5-2.0% of world gross domestic product (GDP). Although this estimate is widely and authoritatively repeated, it rests on a handful of preliminary studies, chiefly of the United States and performed by a select group of economis...

Geoengineering can be de ned as the technologies that aim to deliberately alter geophysical mechanisms in order to alleviate the impacts of climate change. It has received increasing attention by economists and the public but remains deeply controversial. This paper studies the potential bene ts from geoengineering in a standard one-sector growth model augmented with a carbon cycle and a climat...