in december 2015, the world health organization (who) published the first ever report on the estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases, which included diseases related to chemical exposures in foods such as peanut allergy. in the report, the burden of disease related to peanut allergies was measured for the european, american and west pacific regions. the report showed that unlike ot...

abstract level of groundwater is decreased which is mainly because, withdrawal of groundwater is increased, because of lack of right management. economics of rural based farming and farming is dependent of water so decreasing of groundwater effects social welfare. in this study decrease of welfare measure by reason of reduction of groundwater level considered. this study investigated the impact...

Water distribution networks are one of the important and costly infrastructures of cities and many meta-heuristic algorithms in standard or hybrid forms were used for optimizing water distribution networks. These algorithms require a large amount of computational cost. Therefore, the converging speed of algorithms toward the optimization goal is as important as the goal itself. In this paper, a...

Background: Super oxidized water (SOW), as a novel antiseptic solution, is used with claims of effectiveness and cost effectiveness in healing chronic wounds such as diabetic foot, infectious post-operative ulcers and burn ulcers. We conducted a health technology assessment to evaluate the clinical evidence from clinical and randomized trials for this disinfection. This study aims to evaluate t...

Pipe systems are often used to transfer moderate to medium water volumes between reservoirs or from well fields to consumers. Such systems consisting of an arbitrary number of reservoirs or other types of sources and sinks are considered here. The Lagrangean optimization principle is used for the determination of all pipe diameters giving minimum total cost of the system, when the individual di...

background glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) enzyme deficiency is one of the prevalent disorders in guilan province, northern iran, causing many patients to suffer from acute hemolysis. this disease has imposed tremendous costs both on patients and health systems. the aim of this study was to compare the direct costs of favism treatment on patients and health system with g6pd enzyme scre...

background: major thalassemia is an autosomal recessive disease with complications, mortality and serious pathology. today, the life expectancy of patients with major thalassemia has increased along with therapeutic advances. therefore, they need lifelong care, and caring for them would incur many costs. being aware of the patients’ costs can be effective for controlling and managing the costs ...