We investigate a new research area: we are interested in the ultimate thermodynamic cost of computing from x to y. Other than its fundamental importance, such research has implications for future miniaturiza-tion of VLSI chips reducing the energy dissipation below kT (thermal noise), and the similarity distance problem in pattern recognition. It turns out that the theory of thermodynamic cost o...

This paper examines the interplay of policy options and cost-effective technology in providing sustainable distance education. A case study has been conducted among the learners and teachers. The emergence of learning technologies through CD, internet, and mobile is increasingly adopted by distance institutes for quick delivery and cost-effective factors. Their sustainability is conditioned by ...

We investigate the applicability of spanners as shared structures that o er both low cost and low delay for broadcast and multicast. A k-spanner has the potential to o er lower delay than shared trees because it limits the distance between any two nodes in the network to a multiplicative factor k of the shortest-path distance. Using simulation over random topologies, we compare k-spanners to si...

Given a signal net N = s; 1; ;n to be the set of nodes, with s the source and the remaining nodes sinks, an MRDPT (minimum-cost rectilinear Steiner distance-preserving tree) has the property that the length of every source to sink path is equal to the rectilinear distance between the source and sink. The minimum-cost rectilinear Steiner distance-preserving tree minimizes the total wire length w...

Given an instance of the minimum cost flow problem, a version of the corresponding inverse problem, called the capacity inverse problem, is to modify the upper and lower bounds on arc flows as little as possible so that a given feasible flow x becomes optimal to the modified minimum cost flow problem. The modifications can be measured by different distances. Here, we consider the capacity inver...

Water resources suitability is one of the most important factors to sustainabilityutilization of natural potential by rangeland grazing suitability. To determine this factor inshort time, low cost and high accuracy are most challenges of experts and ranchers. Usingsuitable technique for this subject can be sustainable utilization comprising from rangelandecosystems according to its degradation ...

One of the important issues in many of array systems such as Radar, Sonar, Mobile, and satellite telecommunications is the estimation of DOA of narrowband received signal. CRB is very important in evaluation of parameter estimation. CRB is the lower bound estimation error variance for any unbiased estimation. In this paper, the array antenna with equal distance arrays is extended in two separat...

A = area of an image b = wingspan CD0 = zero-lift drag coefficient E = energy for physical system e0 = Oswald efficiency factor f = focal length of camera H = entropy cost Hdist = horizontal distance of imaging plane Jp = cost function for physical system K = aerodynamic parameter k = execution cycle of task τ L = Lagrangian of constrained cost function m = mass of aircraft P v = power as a fun...