Repairing for death he targets of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) determine their own mode of death, say Dennis Keefe, Judy Lieberman, and colleagues (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). The dying cells patch themselves up so that rapid and messy necrosis is avoided in favor of a more lengthy and controlled apoptosis. The CTLs deliver their insult in the form of perforin, a pore-forming protein...

The GroundWater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC) is a national environmental technology transfer center that provides information on the use of innovative technologies to clean-up contaminated groundwater. Established in 1995, GWRTAC is operated by the National Environmental Technology Applications Center (NETAC) in association with the University of Pittsburgh's Environmental ...

Cosmic strings can give rise to a large variety of interesting astrophysical phenomena. Among them, powerful bursts of gravitational waves (GWs) produced by cusps are a promising observational signature. In this Letter we present a search for GWs from cosmic string cusps in data collected by the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave detectors between 2005 and 2010, with over 625 days of live time. ...

formed contractually, signs in literature are often symbolic in nature. the poems and paintings of sohrab sepehri, the contemporary iranian poet and painter, are imbued with such signs which, if decoded, are rendered more tangible and more intelligible. sepehri’s signs have their origins in nature and hindu and buddhist mysticism. with his mystical intuition and platonic aesthetics, sepehri has...

Cosmic rays scatter off magnetic irregularities (Alfvén waves) with which they are resonant, that is waves of wavelength comparable to their gyroradii. These waves may be generated either by the cosmic rays themselves, if they stream faster than the Alfvén speed, or by sources of MHD turbulence. Waves excited by streaming cosmic rays are ideally shaped for scattering, whereas the scattering eff...

Diffuse interstellar clouds show large abundances of H3 which can be maintained only by a high ionization rate of H2. Cosmic rays are the dominant ionization mechanism in this environment, so the large ionization rate implies a high cosmic-ray flux, and a large amount of energy residing in cosmic rays. In this paper we find that the standard propagated cosmic-ray spectrum predicts an ionization...

The joint Taiwan-United States FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) mission, hereafter called COSMIC, is the first satellite constellation dedicated to remotely sense Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere using a technique called Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO). The occultations yield abundant information about neutral at...

The topological defect scenario of origin of the observed highest energy cosmic rays is reviewed. Under a variety of circumstances, topological defects formed in the early Universe can be sources of very massive particles in the Universe today. The decay products of these massive particles may be responsible for the observed highest energy cosmic ray particles above 10 20 eV. Some massive parti...

Cosmic strings are one-dimensional topological defects which could have been formed in the early stages of our Universe. They triggered a lot of interest, mainly for their cosmological implications: they could offer an alternative to inflation for the generation of density perturbations. It was shown however that cosmic strings lead to inconsistencies with the measurements of the cosmic microwa...

Via its role in aerosol formation, cosmic ray may affect the global cloudiness and hence climate. Here we show that an increase in cosmic ray fluxes may lead to an increase in particle production in the lower troposphere but a decrease in particle production in the upper troposphere. In addition to the reported positive correlation between cosmic ray variations and low cloudiness, our analysis ...