A system of effective Einstein equations for spatially averaged scalar variables of inhomogeneous cosmological models can be solved by providing a ‘cosmic equation of state’. Recent efforts to explain Dark Energy focus on ‘backreaction effects’ of inhomogeneities on the effective evolution of cosmological parameters in our Hubble volume, avoiding a cosmological constant in the equation of state...

We summarize recent results on the properties of near-horizon metrics in different spherically symmetric space-times, including Kantowski-Sachs cosmological models whose evolution begins with a horizon (the so-called Null Big Bang) and static metrics related to black holes. We describe the types of matter compatible with cosmological and black hole horizons. It turns out, in particular, that a ...

We present results of semi-analytic calculations which show clear evidence for changes in the nonequilibrium ionization behind a supernova remnant forward shock undergoing efficient diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). The efficient acceleration of particles (i.e., cosmic rays) lowers the shock temperature and raises the density of the shocked gas, thus altering the ionization state of the plasm...

The electtical conductivity existing in electrified clouds is computed under the assumption that a primary positive dipole charge distribution exists within the cloud and that the small ion concentrations are controlled by the rate of ion production from cosmic ray ionization, and by the rates of ion loss from the separate processes of ion recombination, diffusion, and conduction. The results s...

We study the effect of cooling flows in galaxy clusters on the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) distortion and the possible cosmological implications. The SZ effect, along with X-ray observations of clusters, is used to determine the Hubble constant, H◦. Blank sky surveys of SZ effect are being planned to constrain the geometry of the universe through cluster counts. It is also known that a significant ...

cosmic rays in the upper troposphere (9000 meters to 15000 meters) initiate the followingnuclear chemical reaction: 1n + 14n => 14c + 1h. previous research has shown a strong effect of latitude onthe abundance of neutrons from cosmic rays. however, to date, there has been little exploration of therelationship between the latitude effect for cosmic-ray neutrons and latitudinal variations of stab...

We present a new model for the evolution of gas phase metallicity gradients in galaxies from first principles. show that depend on four ratios collectively describe metal equilibration timescale, production, transport, consumption, and loss. Our finds most galaxy are equilibrium at all redshifts. When normalized by diffusion, governed competition between radial advection, accretion metal-poor c...

A number of significant recent advances in solar physics are reviewed. New kinds of observations made during the present sunspot cycle, which began in 1954, have emphasized still further the apparent complexity of solar phenomena and the need of nonequilibrium theoretical treatments. Among the new developments di cussed are solar cosmic rays and highenergy particles, flares and prominences, cor...

Multicomponent relativistic fluids have been studied for decades. However, simulating the dynamics of particles and in such a mixture has challenge due to fact that simulations are computationally expensive three spatial dimensions. Here, we report on development application multi dimensional Monte Carlo code explore thermalization process multicomponent environment inexpensive way. As an illus...