This paper surveys literature in the strategy area with a view to investigating the usage of the concept ‘network’. It is obviously used a lot, but not in an analytically very strong way. Being the ‘hybrid’ between markets and hierarchies, the concept ‘network’ can account for almost any relation between firm including formal arrangements such as alliances, joint ventures and supply chains or s...

Le règne animal se développe alors, ses espèces augmentent et, dans le progrès graduel de la Création, il se termine par l’homme — doué de pensée et de réflexion. Le plan humain est atteint à partir des singes, où se rencontrent sagacité et perception, mais qui n’est pas encore arrivé au stade de la réflexion et de la pensée. A ce point de vue, le premier niveau humain vient après le monde des ...

In PNAS, Paul Nelson and Joanna Masel present a theoretical result showing that aging in multicellular organisms is inevitable (1). The argument is as simple as it is powerful. Cellular senescence is a well-known consequence of the second law of thermodynamics, due to mutations, epigenetic misregulation, and protein misfolding. Molecular accidents in a cell can happen and they consequently do h...

Numerous theoretical studies have investigated how limited dispersal may provide an explanation for the evolution of cooperation, by leading to interactions between relatives. However, despite considerable theoretical attention, there has been a lack of empirical tests. In this article, we test how patterns of dispersal influence the evolution of cooperation, using iron-scavenging in the bacter...

Everyone is a Winner: Promoting Cooperation through All-Can-Win Intergroup Competition We test if cooperation is promoted by rank-order competition between groups in which all groups can be ranked first, i.e. when everyone can be a winner. This type of rank-order competition has the advantage that it can eliminate the negative externality a group’s performance imposes on other groups. However, ...