[1] During the July 2002 CRYSTAL-FACE field program based from Key West, Florida, aircraft measurements showed that long-lived thin tropopause cirrus (TTC) layers were often present above thunderstorm anvils. This paper describes these clouds and explores their possible origins. Measurements showed that the horizontal dimensions of TTC layers were nearly identical to convectively formed anvils ...

To investigate dominant vertical structures of observed temperature perturbations, and to test the temperature implications of the convective quasi-equilibrium hypothesis, the relationship of the tropical temperature profile to the average free tropospheric temperature is examined in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) satellite data, radiosonde observations, and National Centers for Environmen...

Windows are a major source of energy inefficiency in buildings. In addition, heating by thermal radiation reduces the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. To help reduce heating by solar absorption in both of these cases, we developed a thin, transparent, bio-inspired, convective cooling layer for building windows and solar panels that contains microvasculature with millimeter-scale, fluid-filled...

We discuss new results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton on cluster cooling flows, emphasizing early results from our Chandra programs. We find cooling rates reduced by factors of 5–10 compared to those from earlier missions. Nevertheless, substantial amounts of keV gas appear to be cooling and fueling star formation in central dominant cluster galaxies (CDGs). The structure of ...

Shallow marine clouds appear in two formations - open cells that are weakly reflective and closed cells that are more reflective and hence more effective at cooling the climate system. Lagrangian satellite data analysis reveals that open cells oscillate, forming and disappearing with a periodicity of ~3 hours. In contrast, closed cells maintain rigid structures for periods of more than 10 hours...

This study deals with the combined effects of Navier Slip, Convective cooling, variable viscosity, and suction/injection on the entropy generation rate in an unsteady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid flowing through a channel with permeable walls. The model equations for momentum and energy balance are solved numerically using semi-discretization finite difference techniques. Both the ve...

Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of fully convective, rotating spheres with volume heating near the center and cooling at the surface are presented. The dynamo-generated magnetic field saturates at equipartition field strength near the surface. In the interior, the field is dominated by small-scale structures, but outside the sphere by the global scale. Azimuthal averages of the field reveal a l...

The authors study the role of ocean heat transport (OHT) in the maintenance of a warm, equable, ice-free climate.An ensemble of idealized aquaplanetGCMcalculations is used to assess the equilibrium sensitivity of global mean surface temperature (T) and its equator-to-pole gradient (DT) to variations in OHT, prescribed through a simple analytical formula representing export out of the tropics an...

One of the most promising methods to test the representation of cloud processes used in climate models is to use observations together with cloud-resolving models (CRMs). CRMs use more sophisticated and realistic representations of cloud microphysical processes, and they can reasonably well resolve the time evolution, structure, and life cycles of clouds and cloud systems (with sizes ranging fr...

A hybrid ensemble adjustment Kalman filter—three-dimensional ensemble—variational (EAKF-En3DVar) system is developed to assimilate conventional and radar data, and is applied to a convective case in Colorado and Kansas, USA. The system is based on the framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting model’s three-dimensional variational (3DVar) and Data Assimilation Research Testbed. A two-ste...