A study was performed to find out whether the overall rate of metabolism of oral contraceptives is affected by smoking and whether this explains the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in users of oral contraceptives who smoke. Plasma ethinyloestradiol and norgestrel concentrations in 311 women using oral contraceptives were similar in smokers and non-smokers. The overall rate of meta...

The progestin component of hormonal contraceptives accounts for most of their contraceptive effects. Several dosage forms of progestin-only contraceptives have been developed, including pills, injectables, implants, and intrauterine devices. Emergency contraceptives may also contain progestin only and are indicated for prevention of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse or contraceptive f...

During 1968-I972, 4 women of4I years or less were admitted with a myocardial infarction. Three ofthem had been taking oral contraceptives, all were moderate to heavy smokers, and the fathers of all of them had had a myocardial infarct after the age of 5o years. One had slight hypertension while using oral contraceptives and her serum cholesterol and lipids were increased. Details of all 3 cases...

Contraceptives are vital healthcare for women and people with wombs. Recently, there has been a rise in the use of ‘digital contraceptives’, type ‘femtech’ software available download on app stores which require data input order to make predictions about users’ fertility. Digital contraceptives, when marketed as such, fall within definition ‘medical device’ under authority Medical Devices Regul...

Since their introduction in the 1960s, oral contraceptives have been rapidly accepted as an effective method of contraception, with over 100 million users worldwide. Lower-dose pills have been formulated over the years so that, for the majority, the pill is extremely safe, often with added health benefits. Major risks related to pill use are now also recognised so that women at particular risk ...

Background & aim: Contraceptive usage is a central part of the quality of care in the provision of family services. Currently, this issue has gained much importance since the Iranian policy makers are changing their policies about family planning and contraceptives accessibility. Regarding this, the aim of this study was to determine the rate of contraceptive usage and the factors affecting con...

Bayesian inference provides an appealing general framework for phylogenetic analysis, able to incorporate a wide variety of modeling assumptions and to provide a coherent treatment of uncertainty. Existing computational approaches to bayesian inference based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) have not, however, kept pace with the scale of the data analysis problems in phylogenetics, and this ha...

The structure of a two-dimensional film formed by adsorbed polymer chains was studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The polymer chains were represented by linear sequences of lattice beads and positions of these beads were restricted to vertices of a two-dimensional square lattice. Two different Monte Carlo methods were employed to determine the properties of the model system. The first ...

conclusions the results of the present study demonstrate that oral contraceptives containing estradiol can lead to candida colonization in the oral cavity. it is recommended that further studies comparing the influence of oral contraceptives on candida’s adherence to the epithelium is highly recommended. results the frequency of positive cultures of candida albicans was higher (p value = 0.03) ...

introduction: cerebral venous-sinus thrombosis (cvst) is a life threatening condition that needs rapid diagnosis and treatment. it appears comparatively more common in middle east and south asia. objectives: to determine the demographic, clinical patterns, etiologies and prognostic factors of cvst in the north east of iran. materials and methods: all adult patients admitted with a documented di...