The traditional control procedures for Pavlovian conditioning are examined and each is found wanting. Some procedures introduce nonassociative factors not present in the experimental procedure while others transform the excitatory, experimental CS-US contingency into an inhibitory contingency. An alternative control procedure is suggested in which there is no contingency whatsoever between CS a...

A framework is proposed for the investigation of planning systems that must deal with bounded uncertainty. A deenition of this new class of contingency planners is given. A general, complete contingency planning algorithm is described. The algorithm is suitable to many incomplete information games as well as planning situations where the initial state is only partially known. A rich domain is i...

We believe that lifelikeness is important to make it possible for a communication robot to interact naturally with people. In this research we investigate the relationship between contingency and complexity in a lifelike robot. We have developed a robot control system to experimentally control contingency and complexity in interaction by combining a humanoid robot with a motion-capturing system...

Steady state contingency analysis aims at the assessment of the risk certain contingencies may pose to an electrical network. This is a particularly important task of network operators, especially as network stability issues become of prime importance in the current era of electricity deregulation. The article focuses on the analysis of experimental data that are produced through operating poin...

In this study, it was claimed that ROC analysis, which is used to determine what extent medical diagnosis tests can be differentiated between patients and non-patients, also examine the discrimination of binary scored items in cognitive tests. order obtain various evidence for claim, 2x2 contingency table analysis adapted accordance with logic item discrimination. It suggested article areas und...

Applied researchers often use tests based on contingency tables in preliminary data analysis and diagnostic testing. We show that many of such tests may be alternatively implemented by testing for coefficient restrictions in linear regression systems (as a rule, employing the Wald test). This unifies the theories of regression analysis and contingency tables, sheds more light on intuitive conte...

Principles of a dynamic, dyadic systems view of mother-infant face-to-face communication, which considers self- and interactive processes in relation to one another, were tested. The process of interaction across time in a large low-risk community sample at infant age 4 months was examined. Split-screen videotape was coded on a 1-s time base for communication modalities of attention, affect, or...

ABSTRACT In this article, I propose a typology of thinking pattern that helps us understand the variants so-called ‘both/and thinking’ shared by many organizational paradox scholars in West and China. The are distinguished ‘primary thinking-secondary structure between combined elementary thinking. One variants, i.e., Neither-And thinking, is associated with James March's discussion logic conseq...

The contingency assessment situation and the signal detection situation are similar in that the information on which the decision is based is uncertain. Nevertheless the two research endeavours have progressed independently, each with its own traditions and each motivated by different theoretical perspectives. Recently, some researchers have integrated these two lines of research and have demon...

INTRODUCTION The congruency sequence effect (CSE) is the observation that the congruency effect is reduced following an incongruent trial (Gratton et al., 1992). Generally, the CSE is interpreted in terms of conflict adaptation, the idea that participants decrease attention to the distracter and/or increase attention to the target after experiencing conflict (e.g., Botvinick et al., 2001). An a...