The re-evaluation of the scientific method at the 20th marked the inductive method as the scientific reasoning. In the contemporary science, the falsifiability plays an important role. Particularly, the science is considered to be a collection of proposition which describe the observational realities which can be falsify throughout the empirical experiments. Economics as a contemporary science ...

The concept of Islamic or Shariah-compliant finance is based on core tenets of Islam concerning property rights, social and economic justice, wealth distribution, and governance. One of the key features of the system is prohibition of riba (interest) and gharar (ambiguous contracts or deals) (Kabir and Mahlkrecht 2011, 74; El-Gamal 2009, 58–60). There is consensus among scholars that the prohib...

Over the past thirty years, investment funds constructed to reflect the social, ethical, and environmental (SEE) concerns of modern-day investors have become considerable forces in financial markets. In the United States alone, socially responsible investing (SRI) is the fastest growing segment of financial markets and in 2007 represented over 11 percent of all assets under professional managem...