As Medicare cost increase, policymakers are searching for equitable ways to secure the program's financial base. Proposals that would require higher-income Medicare beneficiaries to pay a higher proportion of the program's costs are designed to increase beneficiaries' contribution without placing an unacceptable financial burden on those least able to afford it. Designing and implementing suc...

(MCBS) tracks health care expenditures for 12,000 beneficiaries. The survey is unique because it combines survey data with Medicare administrative data to give a detailed portrait of health care spending for Medicare beneficiaries. The MCBS provides health care expenditures for the Medicare population by service and payer, and it allows for analysis by demographic and socioeconomic characterist...

Most capitated programs have not generated innovative ways to organize care, but have instead concentrated on enrolling healthy beneficiaries and using crude controls on service use. Competition can lead to a number of problems for beneficiaries, including instability in the care they receive. Choice of plans will not offer many advantages for beneficiaries, particularly since it is important t...

We conducted a descriptive study examining the health status of dually eligible beneficiaries using a sample from the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS), a measure of health status administered to enrollees in Medicare managed care (MMC). Overall, we found that dually eligible beneficiaries were sicker, more depressed, and reporting more pain than Medicare-only beneficiaries. Our results sug...

(1) Medicare beneficiaries reduced their drug spending in response to interruptions in prescription coverage prior to the implementation of the Part D benefit. (2) Interruptions in drug coverage were amplified, as a response to gaps in prescription drug coverage, for those suffering from chronic conditions. (3) Trends in spending and medication utilization by Medicare beneficiaries in this stud...

Institutional loyalty, religious fidelity and moral integrity in a democracy
 ABSTRACT: The deontological contractualist ethical approach support of democracy has limits because it does not respect personal autonomy. This allow the single person to be loyal public institutions, faithful religion morally consistent. Therefore, consequentialist rules is proposed.
 SOMMARIO: 1. Democrazi...

Previous work on consequentialism (especially in Theory and Decision, 1988, pp. 25– 78) has provided some justification for regarding an agent’s behaviour as “structurally rational” if and only if there are subjective probabilities, and expected utility is maximized. The key axiom is that rational behaviour should be explicable as the choice of good consequences. This and other axioms will be r...

This thesis assesses philosophical arguments in favour of patent systems. These come in both consequentialist and deontological forms, the latter of which are the focus of this analysis. One kind of deontological argument is based on the concept of desert. I argue that on any plausible conception of desert, the patent system fails to distribute rewards as well as viable alternative systems coul...

This study is an ethical analysis of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the context of taxi business, i.e. it is an attempt to investigate the ethical consequences of installing GPS in taxis. The reason for installing GPS in taxis was to increase the taxi drivers’ security, but there are other effects of the installation as well. When the stakeholders that are possibly affected by the techn...

T HE national survey of the resources of aged beneficiaries made by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance in 1951 included a study of their assets1 At the end of that year, it was found, threefourths of the aged beneficiaries included in the survey owned assets. Three-fifths held liquid assets, and half had nonliquid assets. Almost two-fifths reported both liquid and nonliquid assets. T...