Radiation dose escalation and acceleration improves local control but also increases toxicity. Proton radiation is an emerging therapy for localized cancers that is being sought with increasing frequency by patients. Compared with photon therapy, proton therapy spares more critical structures due to its unique physics. The physical properties of a proton beam make it ideal for clinical applicat...

Recent advances have improved the effectiveness, decreased the complications, and expanded the implications of radiation therapy. These advances include three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and radioimmunotherapy. Each of these modalities has improved radiation targeting, thereby limiting radiation exposu...

The years 1895 to 1898 were momentous for their impact on health and human well beings. First, Wilhelm Roentgen noted a glowing fluorescent screen, caused by invisible rays. This event subsequently led to the discovery of X-rays in 1895, and thus the birth of the “atomic age”. Next Becquerel’s investigations of these mysterious rays led to his experiments with uranium salt crystals. He th...

The advanced imaging and delivery techniques in proton therapy allow conformal high-dose irradiation of the target volume with high accuracy using pencil beam scanning or shaping apertures. These methods increasingly include small radiation fields large dose gradients, which require detector systems spatial resolution for quality assurance. In addition measurement all success parameters daily a...

Abstract. The aim of this work is to develop a systematic manner to close overdetermined systems arising from conformal Killing tensors (CKT). The research performs this action for 1-tensor and 2-tensors. This research makes it possible to develop a new general method for any rank of CKT. This method can also be applied to other types of Killing equations, as well as to overdetermined systems c...