in this paper, we first present a new important property for bouligand tangent cone (contingent cone) of a star-shaped set. we then establish optimality conditions for pareto minima and proper ideal efficiencies in nonsmooth vector optimization problems by means of bouligand tangent cone of image set, where the objective is generalized cone convex set-valued map, in general real normed spaces.

Reflectometric techniques estimate the directionality of the retinal cones by measuring the distribution of light at the pupil plane of light reflected off the bleached retina. The waveguide-scattering model of Marcos et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2012 (1998)] predicts that the shape of this intensity distribution is determined by both the waveguide properties of the cone photoreceptors and th...

In the mammalian retina, rods and cones connect to distinct sets of bipolar cells. Rods are presynaptic to a single type of rod bipolar cell, whereas cones connect to different types of cone bipolar cells. Synaptic rewiring between cone photoreceptor terminals and rod bipolar cell dendrites has been described as a general result of photoreceptor degeneration. To investigate whether cone bipolar...

PURPOSE To determine the extent of rod and cone photoreceptor dysfunction in patients with cone dystrophy using psychophysical and electrophysiological tests. METHODS Ten patients with cone dystrophy participated. Rod and cone system psychophysical thresholds were measured as a function of retinal eccentricity. Bright-flash full-field electroretinograms were obtained under dark-adapted (rod-m...

Program Number: 2751 Poster Board Number: D0285 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM A New Space-time Model of Vision Caiping Hu1, 2, Xuemin Jin3, Jun Yuan1, Malcolm Slaughter4. 1Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; 2Visual Physiology, Zhengzhou Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China; 3Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; 4Physiology...

Retinal photoreceptors die during retinal synaptogenesis in a portion of retinal degeneration. Whether cone bipolar cells establish regular retinal mosaics and mature morphologies, and resist degeneration are not completely understood. To explore these issues, we backcrossed a transgenic mouse expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in one subset of cone bipolar cells (type 7) into...

Human color vision starts with the signals from three cone photoreceptor types, maximally sensitive to long (L-cone), middle (M-cone), and short (S-cone) wavelengths. Within the retina these signals combine in an antagonistic way to form red-green and blue-yellow spectral opponent pathways. In the classical model this antagonism is thought to arise from the convergence of cone type-specific exc...

A quantitative model for the transduction dynamics whereby intracellular transmitter in a vertebrate cone mediates between light input and voltage output is analyzed. A basic postulate is that the transmitter acts to multiplicatively gate the effects of light before the gated signal ever influences the cone potential. This postulate does not appear in the Baylor, Hodgkin, and Lamb (BHL) model o...

Experimental data on the accuracy and frequency of saccades are incorporated into a model of the visual world and eye movements to determine the spatial distribution of visual objects on the retina. Visual scenes are represented as sequences of discrete small objects whose positions are initially uniformly distributed and then moved toward the center of the retina by eye movements. We then use ...