Aerobic exercise may represent a useful intervention for drug abuse in predisposed individuals. Exercise increases plasticity in the brain that could be used to reverse learned drug associations. Previous studies have reported that exposing mice to a complex environment including running wheels after drug conditioning abolishes conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine, whereas running can...

The effects of CS1 duration, partial reinforcement, and trace conditioning on second-order conditioned suppression were investigated, employing 64 rats as Ss. In Experiment 1, the clearest second-order conditioning was obtained when CS1 duration was the same during both the firstand the second-order conditioning phases of the experiment. In Experiment 2, somewhat better second-order conditionin...

In a recently developed in vitro analog of appetitive classical conditioning of feeding in Aplysia, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was electrical stimulation of the esophageal nerve (En). This nerve is rich in dopamine (DA)-containing processes, which suggests that DA mediates reinforcement during appetitive conditioning. To test this possibility, methylergonovine was used to antagonize DA rec...

BACKGROUND Remote ischemic conditioning is gaining interest as potential method to induce resistance against ischemia reperfusion injury in a variety of clinical settings. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether remote ischemic conditioning reduces mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, length of stay in hospital and in the intensive care unit and biom...

Limulus ventral photoreceptors were voltage clamped to the resting (dark) potential and stimulated by a 20-ms test flash and a 1-s conditioning flash. At a constant level of adaptation, we measured the response to the test flash given in the dark (control) and the incremental response produced when the test flash occurred within the duration of the conditioning flash. The incremental response i...

We present an interpretation of Dempster-Shafer theory based on the probability of provability. We present two forms of revision (conditioning) that lead to the geometrical rule of conditioning and to Dempster rule of conditioning, respectively.

In this paper we introduce two new DSm fusion conditioning rules with example, and as a generalization of them a class of DSm fusion conditioning rules, and then extend them to a class of DSm conditioning rules.

Severed axons regenerate more rapidly if they have been injured by a suitably timed earlier axotomy (reviewed in ref. 6). This beneficial 'conditioning lesion effect '17 has been found in mammalian sensory 17 and motor 12 axons, and in the goldfish optic nerve 15. In most studies, conditioning lesions have preceded the testing lesion by 2 weeks ~,8,12,13,15-17,21. However, in one study using a ...

Opérant conditioning of the spinal stretch reflex or its electrical analog, the H-reflex, is a new model for exploring the mechanisms of long-term supraspinal control over spinal cord function. Primates and rats can gradually increase (HRup conditioning mode) or decrease (HRdown conditioning mode) the H-reflex when reward is based on H-reflex amplitude. An earlier study indicated that HRdown co...

Associative learning, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is regarded as the most fundamental type of learning for animals and human beings. Many models have been proposed surrounding classical conditioning or operant conditioning. However, a unified and integrated model to explain the two types of conditioning is much less studied. Here, a model based on neuromodulated s...