چکیده در این پژوهش با استفاده از داده‎های حاصل از 107 نفر از اعضای تعاونی‎های تولید کشاورزی، درجه اهمیت تنگناهای پیش‎روی تعاونی‎های تولیدی با بهره‎گیری از معیار آنتروپی بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان می‎دهد که نبود برنامه‎ریزی جامع بلندمدت از سوی مدیران و اعضای تعاونی‎ها در زمینه اقدامات بازاریابی در زمان تولید محصولات و پس از تولید با وزن (1/0)، وجود عوامل واسطه‎ای و دلالان در هنگام فروش محصول از سوی...

abstract background: the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (tram) flap remains the gold standard for postmastectomy reconstruction either immediate or delayed. however, transfer of tram flap can be associated with donor site morbidities and complications in flap. a successful reconstruction consists of careful patient selection, surgical technique and meticulous preoperative planning...

abstract background: the most common complication of lumbar puncture (lp) occurring in over thirty percent of patients is headache. the position after lumbar puncture, needle type and size, and volume of the extracted cerebrospinal fluid (csf) have been evaluated as contributory factors in occurrence of post lumbar puncture headache (plph), but the position before lumbar puncture has not been e...

introduction: differentiated thyroid cancer (dtc) is the most common endocrine malignancy. this malignancy generally has an excellent prognosis with more than 90% long term survival. consequently, life quality improvement is the first priority especially in the young dtc survivors. in classic management of a new dtc patient, each therapeutic modality can significantly induce morbidities. in the...

background: role of genetic factors in etiology of preeclampsia is not confirmed yet. objective: gene defect frequency varies in different geographic areas as well as ethnic groups. in this study, the role of factor v leiden mutation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia syndrome among the pregnant population of northern shore of persian gulf in iran, were considered. materials and methods: betwe...

Introduction: Cerumen is known as ear wax, produced regularly by cerumen and lipid secretary glands. Regarding the effect of Mazandaran province's humid weather on the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms, this study was performed to determine the bacterial flora of the ear in patients with acute otitis externa and its comparison with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: In this case-...

  Congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK) is a rare disorder. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl with bilateral knee stiffness, marked anterior bowing of both legs, and inability to walk without aid. Radiologic investigation revealed bilateral knee joint dislocation accompanied by severe anterior bowing of both tibia proximally and posterior bowing of both femur distally, demonstrating ...

Background: Approximately 30% of reproductive age women and 35% of reproductive age men in the United States smoke cigarettes. Substantial harmful effects of cigarette smoke on fecundity and reproduction have become apparent but are not generally appreciated. smoking is becoming increasingly popular in many parts of the world as in eastern Mediterranean and Arabic countries including Iran. The ...

Introduction: Esophageal cancer is among the most common malignancies. Hospital mortality in the past decade reduced; but its morbidity is still high. Pulmonary complications are the most common complications after esophageal resection. In this study we examined the effect of steroids administration during surgery to reduce postoperative morbidity with a focus on respiratory complications.Mater...

purpose: to determine the visual and anatomical outcomes and complications of vitrectomy for non-traumatic non-diabetic vitreous hemorrhage (ndvh) and to report the causes of the condition among patients at labbafinejad medical center, tehran-iran, from 1993 to 2003. method: records of patients who underwent vitrectomy for non-traumatic ndvh with 6 months follow up were reviewed for demographic...