Writing and speaking are the productive skills of a language and share similar components. However, there has been little attempt to investigate the impact of writing practice on the speaking proficiency of the learners. The present study using a pretest-posttest controlled group design in a quasi-experimental approach investigated the effect of guided writing practice on the speaking proficien...

Since its inauguration, the Economic Community of West African States has stressed desire to advance regional integration through establishment a common single currency (the Eco). This policy been considered advantageous given economic benefits derived from existence one oldest sub-regional monetary unions across French-speaking Economies. For this reason, Monetary Zone was created as suggested...

In this paper we consider the problem of testing bipartiteness of general graphs. The problem has previously been studied in two models, one most suitable for dense graphs, and one most suitable for bounded-degree graphs. Roughly speaking, dense graphs can be tested for bipartiteness with constant complexity, while the complexity of testing bounded-degree graphs is ~ (pn), where n is the number...

This study examined the effects of task complexity on written narrative production under different task complexity conditions by EFL learners at different proficiency levels. Task complexity was manipulated along Robinson’s (2001b) proposed task complexity dimension of Here-and-Now (simple) vs. There-and-Then (complex) in. Accordingly, three specific measures of the written narratives were targ...

This study was set out to shed light on the efficacy of pushed output directed by scaffolding on 41 (24 female and 17 male) upper-intermediate EFL learners’ speaking fluency and accuracy. A public version of IELTS speaking test was held to measure learners’ entrance behavior. Then, they were randomly assigned into symmetrical, asymmetrical, and control group. The experimental and control groups...

This research was designed to compare the impact of culturally laden Task-based language Teaching (TBLT) and Content-based language Teaching (CBLT) on Iranian intermediate learners' Speaking improvement. Two groups of participants, i. e. the experimental and control groups, were used in this study. In the experimental group, task-based instruction for 20 intermediate students and in the control...

Over the recent years, the study of language learning strategies has received much attention worldwide in general, and in Iran in particular. Many scholars have tried to investigate the function of language learning strategies in EFL learning and teaching. Not enough attention, however, has been paid to language skills, especially speaking skill, in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed at s...

Complexity is one of the most important issues of any production planning. The increase in complexity of production planning can cause inconsistency between a production plan and an actual outcome. The complexity generally can be divided in two categories, the static complexity and the dynamic complexity, which can be computed using the ant ropy formula. The formula considers the probability of...

abstract the present study was an attempt to investigate the relationship between efl learners’ anxiety and writing complexity. for the purpose of the study, 70 female learners, between 17 and 24 years old (mean=20) from najm language school in tehran participated in the study. the participants’ level of anxiety was measured using horwitz, horwitz, and cope’s anxiety questionnaire (1986) and th...