The first comprehensive town planning legislation in Australia was enacted by the Western Australian Parliament in 1929. This followed a number of events in Australia to showcase the benefits of town planning, from 1914, onwards. They included an Australasian town planning tour by Charles Reade on behalf of the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association of Great Britain, in 1914 -1915, after w...

Until the year 2000, there was no specific statute enacted in Jordan that regulates unfair competition. In the year 2000, the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law No. 15 of 2000 was enacted. The Law deals with the issue of unfair competition in a very generic way. In addition to the Jordanian Unfair Competition Law, the principal statutory source of protection is implemented through the general rul...

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Formed in 1927, the College is a not-for-profit organisation training surgeons and maintaining surgical standards in Australia and New Zealand. A Fellowship based organisation, the College is committed to ensuring the highest standard of safe and comprehensive surgical care for the community we serve through excellence in surgical education, training, professional development and support. As pa...

On December 8, 1896, the Supreme Court heard arguments in United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association.1 The defendant was an association of 18 railroads locked in competition for traffic between the Missouri River and the Pacific Ocean. By memorandum of agreement, member railways had voluntarily agreed to cease all price-based competition and abide by a common schedule of rates. Attorne...

Males in many taxa are known to exhibit behavioural plasticity in response to the perceived intensity of sperm competition, reflected in Drosophila melanogaster by increased copulation duration following prior exposure to a rival. We tested the prediction that males do not adjust their copulation effort in response to the presence of a competitor in Drosophila species where there is little or n...

The Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is the first agreement incorporating air transport aviation safety in a comprehensive for trade goods services. Its sections on reflect traditional sectoral approach regulating traffic rights safety. Provisions which apply to various sectors including such competition law, environmental protection reduction of CO2, social as well institutional provision...

In this paper a vertical differentiation model is built in order to analyse the effects of subsidies to secondary airports, or of lower prices set by them, on the competition between LCC’s and FSC’s. The Ryanair/ Charleroi agreement is used as an example and as a basis for the model. The main findings are that subsidisation (or lower airport charges) benefits consumers and negatively affects in...

We extend a recently introduced class of exactly solvable models for recurrent neural networks with competition between one-dimensional nearest-neighbour and infinite-range information processing. We increase the potential for further frustration and competition in these models, as well as their biological relevance, by adding next-nearest-neighbour couplings, and we allow for modulation of the...