punitive damages are not compensation for injury and is levied to punish reprehensible conduct of defendant and to deter its future occurrence. common law is the base of this approach. according to the u.k. house of lords, there are some restrictions in levying this kind of damage. these restrictions have been fully respected by the courts of all the commonwealth states except australia and the...

the internet has transformed the manner of conducting commercial transactions and has created regulatory gaps. these regulatory gaps may impact the effective development of electronic commerce. attempts are being made to regulate electronic contracts both at the national and international level. the present research analyses these attempts, in particular the electronic transaction legislation o...

arbitration is a private justice for the settlement of disputes in the international trade. by reason of number of benefits, international traders prefer the arbitration in relation to the justice tosettle their disputes. confidentiality is one of those benefits. here, there are some questions: is there any source in international commercial judgment that indicates the confidentiality of judgme...

since the semantic field of the term “torture” in the international law is taken into consideration, this research does not enter into the domain of the internal law; and approaches only the views of international law. by examining the international documents and jurisprudence of the courts, this hypothesis is studied that despite of the presence of the prevailing standard about the appreciatio...

in the framework of international law, the right to food is a fundamentalright of person towards having sustainable access to food with the qualitywhich responds to his/her food needs. with due respect to the specialposition of states in international law, it is importance to examine theirobligations regarding the right to food. the principal question is that whatconstitutes the legal basis of ...

Since the breakdown of bipolarity, the international community had to cope with independence movements spreading in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. Given the peculiar coercive character of the Soviet and Yugoslav Federations and the Soviet Union’s hegemonial rule in Central Europe, the wish for independent statehood can be understood as a sum of single secessionist movements. This art...

the 1965 washington convention on the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states created international center for settlement of investment disputes (icsid). this center conducts investment disputes arbitration according to the rules of the convention. the choice of law rules of the washington convention have been provided in article 42. second sentence of art...