Most species of Salmonella grow rapidly and luxuriantly on ordinary agar media. In contrast, Salmonella pullorum and a few other species or types such as Salmonella abortus-ovis, Salmonella sendai, and Salmonella typhi-suis develop slowly and sparsely (Kauffmann, 1954). The reasons for the poor growth of these strains are not known. Also, their sparse growth makes isolation more difficult. In t...

The origins of large-scale spatial patterns in biology have been an important source of theoretical speculation since the pioneering work by Turing (1952) on the chemical basis of morphogenesis. Knowing how these patterns emerge and their functional role is important to our understanding of the evolution of biocomplexity and the role played by self organization. However, so far, conclusive evid...

The development of erythroid colonies of fetal liver hemopoietic cell origin in adult irradiated polycythemic mice was studied. It was found that orchidectomy sharply reduced the number of erythroid colonies developed in the spleen of these polycythemic male recipients. Estrogen injection to the orchidectomized polycythemic recipient did not further decrease the number of erythroid colonies dev...

In multi colony ant algorithms several colonies of ants cooperate in finding good solutions for an optimization problem. At certain time steps the colonies exchange information about good solutions. If the amount of exchanged information is not too large multi colony ant algorithms can be easily parallelized in a natural way by placing the colonies on different processors. In this paper we stud...

In social insects, the evolutionary stability of cooperation depends on the privileged relationships between individuals of the social group, which is facilitated by the recognition of relatives. Nestmate recognition is based on genetically determined cues and/or environmentally derived chemical components present on the cuticle of individuals. Here, we studied nestmate recognition in the ant P...

Dispersal in most group-living species ensures gene flow among groups, but in cooperative social spiders, juvenile dispersal is suppressed and colonies are highly inbred. It has been suggested that such inbred sociality is advantageous in the short term, but likely to lead to extinction or reduced speciation rates in the long run. In this situation, very low levels of dispersal and gene flow am...

We have recently shown that a proportion of previously designated human eosinophil "(Eo)-type" colonies in methylcellulose contain basophils and histamine (Denburg et al Blood 61:775, 1983). In the present studies, individual Eo-type colonies have been analyzed by cell morphology as well as by biochemical assays for histamine, Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC), and eosinophil granule major b...

Varroa mites and viruses are the currently the high-profile suspects in collapsing bee colonies. Therefore, seasonal variation in varroa load and viruses (Acute-Kashmir-Israeli complex (AKI) and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV)) were monitored in a year-long study. We investigated the viral titres in honey bees and varroa mites from 23 colonies (15 apiaries) under three treatment conditions: Organic a...

A method for in situ staining and scoring of eosinophil colonies and clusters in the whole culture dish has been developed for agar cultures of human marrow cells. Cultures stimulated by human placental conditioned medium were found to develop the same proportion of eosinophil, neutrophil, and monocyte colonies as cultures stimulated by conventional peripheral white cell underlayers. Eosinophil...

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is an invasive species that originated in China and has been introduced to Hawaii and the U.S. mainland. Colonies are headed either by a pair of reproductives (simple families) or by varying numbers of inbreeding reproductives (extended families), and therefore have variable degrees of inbreeding. Worker size also varies among c...