The purpose of this paper is to find the optimal geometry of Venturi for the production of biodiesel by hydrodynamic cavitation. Intensive methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation eliminate the limitation of mass transfer in the transesterification reaction. In this paper, a venturi design was developed to create cavitation in biodiesel production. The most important property of ven...

Estimates of the scaled selection coefficient, gamma of Sawyer and Hartl, are shown to be remarkably robust to population subdivision. Estimates of mutation parameters and divergence times, in contrast, are very sensitive to subdivision. These results follow from an analysis of natural selection and genetic drift in the island model of subdivision in the limit of a very large number of subpopul...

Statistical features of neuronal spike trains are known to be non-Poisson. Here, we investigate the extent to which the non-Poissonian feature affects the efficiency of transmitting information on fluctuating firing rates. For this purpose, we introduce the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as a measure of the efficiency of information encoding, and assume that spike trains are generated by time...

Vertical starch gel electrophoresis and trefoil immunodiffusion were used to study the systematics of some ascaridoid nematodes. Within the Ascarididae, the time scale of divergence was too great for intergeneric electrophoretic comparisons. Congeneric electrophoretic comparisons of Baylisascaris procyonis (host--raccoon) versus Baylisascaris transfuga (host--black bear), and Toxocara canis (ho...

We applied the theory of random genetic drift to determine the divergence history of a closed cattle population over the relatively short timescale of several hundred years. The divergence history of the closed population of Mishima Island cattle, a national natural treasure of Japan, was examined, and the results were compared with historical documents. Inbreeding depression in the isolated po...

‎In this paper‎, ‎we study the Neumann boundary value problem of a class of nonlinear divergence type diffusion equations‎. ‎By a priori estimates‎, ‎difference and variation techniques‎, ‎we establish the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions of this problem.

Mouse models are often used to study human genes because it is believed that the expression and function are similar for the majority of orthologous genes between the two species. However, recent comparisons of microarray data from thousands of orthologous human and mouse genes suggested rapid evolution of gene expression profiles under minimal or no selective constraint. These findings appear ...

We demonstrate the QCD factorization for inclusive hadron production in p-A collisions in the saturation formalism at one-loop order, with explicit calculation of both real and virtual gluon radiation diagrams. In particular, we find that the cross section can be written into a factorization form in the coordinate space at the next-to-leading order, while the naive form of the convolution in th...

Mutation bias is one of the forces that may constrain the variation at microsatellite loci. Here, we study the dynamics of population statistics and the genetic distance between two populations under multiple stepwise mutations with linear bias and random drift. Expressions are derived for these statistics as functions of time, as well as at mutation-drift equilibrium. Applying these expression...