The purpose of this study was to extend the electrocortical activity research in determining the biological bases of extraversion. Differences in auditory stimulation sensitivity have been previously found for extraverts and introverts, but there has been no focus on the potential differences in sensory discrimination abilities. Using event-related potential (ERP) techniques, this study’s focus...

In light of its role in maintaining psychological equanimity, we proposed that nostalgia—a self-relevant, social, and predominantly positive emotion—regulates avoidance and approach motivation. We advanced a model in which (a) avoidance motivation triggers nostalgia and (b) nostalgia, in turn, increases approach motivation. As a result, nostalgia counteracts the negative impact of avoidance mot...

Progress towards understanding human behavior has been hindered by discipline-bound theories, dividing our efforts. Fortunately, these separate endeavors are converging and can be effectively integrated. Focusing on the fundamental features of Picoeconomics, Expectancy, Cumulative Prospect Theory, and Need Theory, Temporal Motivational Theory (TMT) is constructed. TMT appears consistent with th...