abstract given the importance of environmental cycles had led to allocation of water-right for water species and ecosystems which is known as environmental flow or in stream flow. from among the various methods for estimating environmental flow, building block approach is considered as a very powerful tool for estimating the water needs. in this paper, beside simplifying the building block appr...

A comparison is made of results for barotropic, surface and abyssal flows during the formation and passage of a warm-core ring in the East Australian Current. The barotropic velocities are estimated from sea-floor measurements of the horizontal electric field, which is induced by water motion. Values for the surface and near-bottom velocities are obtained generally by more traditional methods. ...

The study presents a hydrology concept developed to include lateral water flow in the biogeochemical model ForSAFE. The hydrology concept was evaluated against data collected at Svartberget in the Vindeln Research Forest in Northern Sweden. The results show that the new concept allows simulation of a saturated and an unsaturated zone in the soil as well as water flow that reaches the stream com...

correct estimation of water inflow into underground excavations can decrease safety risks and associated costs. researchers have proposed different methods to asses this value. it has been proved that water transmissivity of a rock joint is a function of factors, such as normal stress, joint roughness and its size and water pressure therefore, a laboratory setup was proposed to quantitatively m...

The discusser wishes to congratulate the authors for their excellent paper. He would like to discuss some possible drag reduction effects. The discusser has reanalyzed the authors' data assuming quasi-uniform flows at the end of the channel. For the clearwater flow experiments (runs C-1 and C-2), the data suggest an equivalent roughness height k, of the flume (smooth plexiglass) between 0.15 mm...

We present conventional and swath altimetry data from Cryosat-2 revealing a system of subglacial lakes that drained between June 2013 and January 2014 under the central part of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica. Much of the 10 drainage happened in less than six months, with an apparent connection between three lakes spanning more than 130 km. Hydropotential analysis of the glacier bed shows a l...

The average velocity of water flow has been simultaneously measured with fluorescent and speckle imaging methods. The measured velocities with two methods are in good agreement with each other and it confirms that the speckle imaging method can be used as a confident method to measure the velocity of water flow in a dry leaf. Also the velocity of water flow through thick and thin xylems of a le...

New data on the settling velocity of artificial sediments and natural sands at high concentrations are presented. The data are compared with a widely used semiempirical Richardson and Zaki equation (Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 32 (1954) 35), which gives an accurate measure of the reduction in velocity as a function of concentration and an experimentally determined empirical power n. Here, a simple ...

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of trout farm effluents on water quality parameters in the Dohezar Stream. In this study two trout farms and 7 stations were selected and physiochemical of water, including air and water temperatures, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water flow and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were measured every 30 days ...

an important and fundamental issue in iran is to utilize water and to avoid wasting it. therefore, climate change can be considered as an effective factor on water resources. the most tangible climate change phenomenon is drought which is much important to be identified. in this study, the effect of climate changes on flow rate in bashar river, shahmokhtar station of yasouj city was evaluated u...