Background and aim: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a health problem of many countries in tropical and subtropical regions including Iran. Isfahan province is one of the foci of CL with the highest prevalence in Iran. This study was done to identify the species of Leishmania isolated from the patients in Ghohab Mohammad Abad, located in southwest of Isfahan which is a new foci of CL. Identifica...

In this protocol, 3-(2-carboxybenzoyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride [Cbmim]Cl and sulfonic acid functionalized pyridinium chloride [pyridine-SO3H]Cl as a new, reusable, and green Brønsted acidic ionic liquid (BAIL) catalyst were synthesized and successfully used for the one-pot ring opening of epoxide with sodium azide (NaN3) in water at room temperature. Epoxides under ring-opening easi...

Precise control of cellular Cl(-) transport is necessary for many fundamental physiological processes. For example, the intracellular concentration of Cl(-), fine-tuned through the coordinated action of cellular Cl(-) influx and efflux mechanisms, determines whether a neuron's response to GABA is excitatory or inhibitory. In epithelia, synchrony between apical and basolateral Cl(-) flux, and tr...

Adult primary afferent neurons are depolarized by GABA throughout their entire surface, including their somata located in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Primary afferent depolarization (PAD) mediated by GABA released from spinal interneurons determines presynaptic inhibition, a key mechanism in somatosensory processing. The depolarization is due to Cl(-) efflux through GABA(A) channels; the outward...

Measurements of cosmogenic Cl in terrestrial rocks provide quantitative information about exposure ages of landforms and surface features. The isotope dilution method for preparing Cl samples is now widely used because it allows Cl and Cl to be measured simultaneously on a single accelerator mass spectrometry target, increases the accuracy and precision of Cl determinations, and reduces rock sa...

Elevations of cytoplasmic free calcium concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) evoked by cholinergic agonists stimulate isotonic fluid secretion in salivary acinar cells. This process is driven by the apical exit of Cl(-) through Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Cl(-) enters the cytoplasm against its electrochemical gradient via a loop diuretic-sensitive Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) and/or...