Anthropic reasoning often begins with the premise that we should expect to find ourselves typical among all intelligent observers. However, in the infinite universe predicted by inflation, there are some civilizations which have spread across their galaxies and contain huge numbers of individuals. Unless the proportion of such large civilizations is unreasonably tiny, most observers belong to t...

rought up in a world whose culture and religion are rooted in the civilizations of the eastern crescent of the Mediterranean Sea, one is led to believe that the progress made in overcoming the prejudice that Peter Singer calls speciesism is of relatively recent development. But this stems from the limitations of the Western background; animal liberation has been known and widely practiced in Fa...

Since Hippocrates’ dramatic description of the clinical features in a patient, the authors and many others believed to have experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage over 2400 years ago; this illness has remained a mystery up until the 19th century. The review describes the evolution of our understanding of subarachnoid hemorrhage and its treatment originating in first civilizations up to this very day.

Recent developments in cosmology indicate that every history having a nonzero probability is realized in infinitely many distinct regions of spacetime. Thus, it appears that the universe contains infinitely many civilizations exactly like our own, as well as infinitely many civilizations that differ from our own in any way permitted by physical laws. We explore the implications of this conclusi...

Suicide behaviour has attracted attention not only from the professionals but also from writers, poets and philosophers of all times and all cultures.In this paper the author describes the suicide behaviour found in the great Tamil classic of the 'Sangham' period, PURANANURU, an anthology of the 11 century A. D. The incidents relate to the self immolation of Perun Koppendu on the death of her h...

Khuzestan has one of the most detailed and well documented archaeological sequences in the Near East, thanks to years of excavation and survey by many researchers. This work has led to some understanding of political, economic, and social life in southwestern Iran from the time of the early villages to that of the early states and the historic empires. Over the millennia, agriculture and pastor...

Like the Sanxingdui ruins, the Jinsha ruins are an important archaeological site in the Chengdu Plain. Excavation of these ruins may offer important evidence for the origins and evolution of the ancient Shu civilization. In order to protect historical relics during excavation, it is necessary to use INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SMART SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 6, NO. 2, APRIL 2013 Submitt...

The history of technology is a rich and fascinating subject, combining engineering with economic, social, and political factors. Technology seems to advance in waves. Small advances in science and technology accumulate slowly, sometimes over long periods of time, until a critical level of technological success and economic advantage is achieved. The last century witnessed several of these waves...

This paper connects the conclusions of recent research on video games and learning to prior research on problem schemata and problem-solving. This study examines the problem-solving practices of expert and novice young players of Civilization III in a gamebased learning program, and concludes that the problem schemata framework has power and utility in analyzing problem-solving in game-based en...

In tracing world ecological degradation over a period of fi ve millennia, Sing Chew (2001) points out that “...the history of civilizations...and states is also the history of ecological degradation and crisis...[as such]...ecological relation is as primary as the economic relation in the self-expansionary processes of societal systems...” (pp. 1–2). Particularly over the last half of the twent...