Cicatricial pemphygoid (mucous membrane cicatricial pemphygoid) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by subepithelial bubbles in mucous membranes and, occasionally on the skin. It may affect the mouth, the nose, pharynx, larynx, the eyes, esophagus, anus, genitals and skin; especially affecting patients between fifty and sixty years of life. Treatment includes systemic ste...

OBJECTIVES To describe a new 3-dimensional technique for medial canthal repositioning, precaruncular medial canthopexy (PMC), and to present an outcome study demonstrating its efficacy. METHODS Data (age, sex, cause, and initial symptoms) were collected prospectively on patients with malposition of the lower eyelid. All patients were photographed before and after surgery in a set protocol. Th...

Cicatricial alopecia is an enigmatic group of hair disorders linked by the potential permanent loss of scalp hair follicles in involved areas. Progress in our understanding and treatment of these disorders has been stymied by the lack of clear diagnostic criteria for the current terms used to describe the various hair loss entities. Since all of these conditions evolve as the hair is destroyed ...

In the literature, there is a confusing classification among congenital floppy eyelid, eyelid eversion and ectropion. They are described as malposition with laxity out-turning of eyelids in newborns, usually associated conjunctival prolapse chemosis. Although underlying pathophysiology these rare conditions obscure, they share anatomic characteristics. Thus, instead plethora denominations, spec...

background: mucous membrane pemphigoid (mmp) is considered an autoimmune blistering disease that  predominantly affects mucous membranes. various treatments are available for controlling the diseases, but not all of them may respond. objective: in this review, the data on seventy patients with mmp who were under treatment of intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) are categorized and then analyzed. t...

Patients with facial paralysis present with a constellation of ocular manifestations. Ectropion resulting from downward displacement of the lower eyelid appears after loss of orbicularis tone and function.1 In addition, upper eyelid retraction, resulting in lagophthalmos and a decrease in tear production and/or proper tear distribution and channeling,may result in dry eyes and epiphora. Tear fl...