The global nephrology community recognizes the increasing burden of kidney disease and its poor health outcomes in general population. Given this, strategies to establish early diagnosis, improve understanding natural course develop novel therapeutic interventions slow progression reduce complications are encouraged. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member endocrine FGF subfamily, has eme...

background considering the significant geographical and ethnical differences in pattern of incidence, etiology and outcome of chronic kidney disease (ckd), the present study aimed to assess the etiology and outcome of ckd in iranian children. materials and methods in a cross-sectional study etiology and outcome of 372 children aged 3 months to 18 years with ckd was studied during the period 199...

context in human beings, uric acid is the poorly soluble circulating end product of the purine nucleotide metabolism. a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) contributes to hyperuricemia, which is frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd). evidence acquisition hyperuricemia is defined as a serum uric acid level > 7.0 mg/dl in males and > 6.0 mg/dl in females,...

the objective of this review is to explore the link between smoking and the development of chronic kidney disease (ckd) in generally healthy populations without pre-existing renal dysfunction such as diabetic nephropathy. twenty-eight epidemiological studies concerning the renal effects of smoking in the general population were collected from the medline database and were reviewed for indicatio...