Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy leading to changes in the intrapaillary and parapaillary regions of the optic disk. Despite technological advances, clinical identification of optic nerve head characteristics remains the first step in diagnosis. Careful examination of the disk parameters including size, shape, neuroretinal rim shape and pallor; size of the optic cup in relation to the area of th...

Two hereditary syndromes characterized by the association of retinal changes and erythrocytic anomalies have been described: (1) Retinopathy complicating haemoglobin anomalies, thalassaemia (Rudd, Evans, and Peeney, 1953), or sickle-cell anaemia (Lieb, Geeraets, and Guerry, 1959); (2) Atypical retinitis pigmentosa with thorny erythrocytes (acanthocytosis: Bassen and Kornzweig, 1950; Kornzweig a...

We report a case of bilateral atrophic retinochoroidopathy with choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) formation in a patient with systemic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). A 35-year-old female, diagnosed with LCH at the age of 3, experienced an episode of acute vision loss in her right eye. Visual acuity was counting fingers. Dilated fundus exam and fluorescein angiography revealed the pres...

Deficiency of ornithine-delta-aminotransferase (OAT) in humans results in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GA), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ornithine accumulation and a progressive chorioretinal degeneration of unknown pathogenesis. To determine whether chronic, systemic reduction of ornithine can prevent this form of retinal degeneration, we used an arginine-restr...

The Hippo signalling pathway regulates cellular proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, thus exerting profound effects on cellular homeostasis. Inhibition of Hippo signalling has been frequently implicated in human cancers, indicating a well-known tumour suppressor function of the Hippo pathway. However, it is less certain whether and how hyperactivation of the Hippo pathway affects biolo...

The results of a long-term study (3 to 9 months) of chorioretinal vascular occlusions resulting from injection of latex microspheres of known sizes are reported. Isolated occlusions of small retinal vessels (capillaries and precapillary arterioles) resulted in no histologic changes in the retina. Occlusion of large retinal vessels (arterioles) caused atrophic changes in the inner retinal layers...

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV infection also results in severe eye disease characterized by optic neuritis, chorioretinal atrophy, and blindness in newborns and conjunctivitis and uveitis in adults. We evaluated ZIKV infection of the eye by using recently developed mouse models of pathogenesis. ZIKV-inoculated ...

The results obtained by pars plana vitrectomy in 24 eyes with chronic uveitis, including endogenous intermediate and other types of uveitis, were retrospectively analyzed. Vitrectomy and lensectomy were performed in 8, and vitrectomy alone in 16 eyes. The mean follow-up period was 50 months, and mean patient age 38 years. There were 15 (71.4%) male and 6 (28.6%) female patients. Improvement of ...

Glaucomatous optic nerve damage is associated with alterations of the intra- and parapapillary optic disc area. We measured and compared the parapapillary region in 582 eyes of 321 patients suffering from chronic primary open-angle glaucoma and in 390 eyes of 231 normal subjects. Only one randomly assessed eye per patient and subject was taken for statistical analysis. Highly mopic eyes with a ...