Antihistamines are H1-receptor antagonists widely used in human and veterinary medicine to provide symptomatic relief of allergic signs caused by histamine release, including pruritus and anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines are also commonly used as sedatives and antiemetics. 1 Antihistamines can be divided into first and second-generation (also called nonsedating) agents (Table 1). First-ge...

Isologous local anesthetics containing the ester, thiolester, or selenolester grouping and their quaternary ammonium analogs were studied for their ability to displace [3H]nicotine from plasma membrane fragments of lobster nerve. Tertiary and quaternary analogs were equiactive. The relative ability of oxo, thio, and seleno analogs to displace nicotine was the same as their relative ability to b...

Bulbar weakness and fatigue resulting in dysphagia and dysarthria is common in myasthenia gravis. In chronic MG it is often assumed that these symptoms herald an exacerbation of the patient's disease and doses of cholinergic agents and immunomodulatory therapies may be increased, along with initiation of plasma exchange. A case is presented in which dysphagia was refractory to standard MG thera...

The ability of anticholinergic agents microinjected into the subthalamic nucleus to reduce reserpine-induced muscular rigidity was assessed in rats. The electromyographical activity of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle was used as a parameter of muscular rigidity. Reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p.) produced the appearance of electromyographical activity. The muscarinic antagonists M3 (1.27 nmol of 4-DAMP) ...

Background: Nowadays cardiac problems are the main cause of death. It includes coronary artery disease, angina pectoris (stable and unstable), congestive heart failure, etc. Objectives: The aim this paper was to generate scientific data regarding In silico analysis beta-sitosterol, coumaric acid, lupeol, qurecetin, urosolic acid Muscarinic (M2) receptor. Materials Methods: leaf powder treated w...

The brain cholinergic system is involved in a number of behaviors including arousal and cognitive processes. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, the function of the cholinergic system is severely compromised. AD patients with apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε4 allele(s) suffer more pronounced cholinergic deficits which are associated with severe cognitive impairments, pronounced cortical electroencep...

Records of 92 cases of acute organophosphorus (OP) insecticide poisoning were analysed. Of the patients 91% were under 30 years of age and 86% were males. The common agents were Dimethoate, Methamidophos, Malathion, Monocrotophos and Fenthion. Poisoning was due to ingestion with suicidal intent in the majority. In addition to the acute cholinergic features, the other important manifestations we...

Oesophageal function can be studied with intraluminal manometry, indwelling pH electrodes or with in vitro methods using isolated tissue. Radiology and endoscopy are the main diagnostic procedures. Innervation of the body of the oesophagus is mainly cholinergic, but the lower oesophageal sphincter appears to be affected by a wide range of biogenic substances, such as autonomic transmitters, pol...