Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage-contaminated sea-water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E-100TM) to test its potential as a disinfectant for salt water aquaculture. The nauplii were very susceptible to low concentrations of chlorine dioxide (47 micrograms/l Cl-), but the adults were slightly more r...

S Disinfection for drinking water reduces the risk of pathogenic infection but may pose chemical threat to human health due to disinfection residues and their by-products when the organic and inorganic precursors are present in water. Administration of huwa-san through drinking water or by oral injection caused alterations in the biochemical functions of the liver and kidney more than chlorine....

This paper describes results of a detailed literature review of the organic and inorganic by-products that have been identified as being formed in aqueous solution with four of the strong oxidizing/disinfecting agents commonly employed in drinking water treatment. These agents are: chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, and ozone. Significant findings include the production of similar nonchlor...

UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP), as a potential alternative to UV/H2O2 in water treatment, may pose risk of increased disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and is great concern. In this paper, seven benzene derivatives, containing two chlorine-inert five chlorine-active compounds, were selected typical model DBP precursors, the effects medium pressure (MPUV/chlorine) on their chl...

This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the authors. SKB may draw modified conclusions, based on additional literature sources and/or expert opinions. Abstract Chlorine-36 (36 Cl), a radioisotope of chlorine (Cl) with a half-life of 301,000 years, is present in some types of nuclear waste and is disposed in re...

introduction: today, with development of various industries, the adverse events originated from explosion and emission of toxic and chemical substances have increased. these events may cause serious environmental problems that threaten human health and safety. therefore, knowledge about the risk of toxic substances from industrial facilities is essential. although, chlorine is extensively utili...

he proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products (D/DBP) Rule and the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) have prompted an industrywide evaluation of disinfection and treatment practices.1,2 One of the least expensive methods of limiting DBP formation is to use monochloramine instead of free chlorine to maintain a distribution system residual. Monochloramine limits free chlorine con...

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic clinical studies suggested that chronic exposure to chlorine products is associated with development of asthma and aggravation of asthmatic symptoms. However, its underlying mechanism was not clearly understood. Studies were undertaken to define the effects and mechanisms of chronic low-dose chlorine exposure in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and airway hyperre...

In this study we demonstrate the feasibility of combined chlorine-35, sodium-23 and proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 9.4 Tesla, and present the first in vivo chlorine-35 images obtained by means of MRI. With the experimental setup used in this study all measurements could be done in one session without changing the setup or moving the subject. The multinuclear measurement requires a t...

Despite the low nutrient level and constant presence of secondary disinfectants, bacterial re-growth still occurs in drinking water distribution systems. The molecular mechanisms that starved bacteria use to survive low-level chlorine-based disinfectants are not well understood. The objective of this study is to investigate these molecular mechanisms at the protein level that prepare starved ce...