Sodium chloride or ammonia was dissolved in the water propellant of pulsed plasma thrusters to improve the performance. Pulsed plasma thrusters using liquid propellant utilize water as attractive alternative instead of Teflon. Water propellant enables the controlling propellant mass flow and leads high specific impulse. However, liquid propellant pulsed plasma thrusters have larger plasma resis...

Waste iron sulfate is produced in titanium dioxide manufacture and in steel pickling with sulfuric acid. Many processes have been proposed to use this waste as a source of chemicals or raw materials. The process developed here is based on the reaction with pure or waste calcium chloride (Solvay brine) to obtain iron(I1) chloride and gypsum as a b y product. The iron chloride solution can either...

Experiment 1 sought to determine whether schedule-induced drinking could be abolished by means of a taste aversion. Polydipsic rats were given access to a .4% saccharin solution while they were exposed to an intermittent food schedule. Immediately after the session, they received an intraperitoneal injection of either lithium chloride or sodium chloride. Following a recovery day with water in t...

Chloride ion sensing is important in many fields such as clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and industrial applications. We have measured chloride ions at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) and at a CPE modified with solid AgNO₃, a solution of AgNO₃ and/or solid silver particles. Detection limits (3 S/N) for chloride ions were 100 μM, 100 μM and 10 μM for solid AgNO₃, solution of AgNO₃ an...

We outline the ability of zinc phosphate coatings, obtained by chemical conversion, to protect mild steel rebars against localized corrosion, generated by chloride ions in alkaline media. The corrosion resistance of coated steel, in comparison with uncoated rebars and coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar, were evaluated by open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, cro...

a new method for the synthesis of water soluble polyaniline (pani) using hemin chloride (h.c) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (h.p) is presented. hemin chloride is an effective catalyst for the oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. the uv- vis absorption spectra of the product show a distinct absorption peak at 430 nm in ph 4.0 b...

sensitive skin is a frequently mentioned cosmetic complaint. addition of a biomimetic of neuromediator has recently appeared as a promising new way to cure skin care product problems. this study was aimed to assess the inhibitory effect of a biomimetic lipopeptide derived from proopiomelanocortin (bpomc) on capsaicin-induced sensory irritation in human volunteers and also to compare its protect...

Hypertonic saline solution can absorb part of the intracellular fluid volume into the extracellular space. The effects of this solution on the cardiovascular system are increased coronary flow and increased left ventricular contraction, without sympathetic system activation. This study was designed to assess the effects of hypertonic saline solution in open heart surgery and to compare it w...

We investigate the temperature effect on sensing characteristics and drift effect of an arrayed flexible ruthenium dioxide (RuO₂)/graphene oxide (GO) chloride sensor at different solution temperatures between 10 °C and 50 °C. The average sensor sensitivities according to our experimental results were 28.2 ± 1.4 mV/pCl (10 °C), 42.5 ± 2.0 mV/pCl (20 °C), 47.1 ± 1.8 mV/pCl (30 °C), 54.1 ± 2.01 mV...

Specificity of Reactions-Several alkaloids were tested for their reaction with chloride, bromide, and iodide ions. The test system was as follows: From 0.01 to 0.05 milliequivalent of the halogen compound (sodium salt) was placed in calorimeter cuvettes. Water was added to make a volume of 5 ml. and then 2 ml. of 50 per cent phosphoric acid were added. 1 ml. of a 1 per cent solution of the alka...