A survey, using the rabbit ear, of the comedogenicity and irritancy of several groups of skin care products indicates that many contain follicular and surface pithelial irritating ingredients. These ingredients fall into several chemical classes. Certain generalizations can be deduced by examining the results: (1) medium-chain-length fatty acids are more potent than shortor long-chain fatty aci...

Antibodies play a central role in immunity by forming an interface with the innate immune system and, typically, mediate proinflammatory activity. We describe a novel posttranslational modification that leads to anti-inflammatory activity of antibodies of immunoglobulin G, isotype 4 (IgG4). IgG4 antibodies are dynamic molecules that exchange Fab arms by swapping a heavy chain and attached light...

We describe here the 1.7-A resolution structure of a single-chain antibody variable domain (scFv) molecule, based on the carbohydrate-binding antibody Se155-4, complexed with the trisaccharide ligand alpha-D-Gal(1-->2)[alpha-D-Abe(1-->3)]alpha-D-Manp1-->OMe, where Abe is abequose. The scFv expressed in Escherichia coli has the variable region light chain to heavy chain polarity with the domains...

We previously reported an efficient peptide synthesis method, AJIPHASE®, that comprises repeated reactions and isolations by precipitation. This method utilizes an anchor molecule with long-chain alkyl groups as a protecting group for the C-terminus. To further improve this method, we developed a one-pot synthesis of a peptide sequence wherein the synthetic intermediates were isolated by solven...

Simulation of small molecules, polymers, and proteins in dense solvents is an important class of problems both for processing of materials in liquids and for simulation of proteins in physiologically relevent solvent states. However, these simulations are expensive and sampling is inefficient due to the ubiquitous dense solvent. Even in the absence of the dense solvent, rigorous sampling of the...

Recent single-molecular observations have revealed that a single giant DNA molecule assumes (micro) phase separated structures upon the addition of condensing agents. Electron and atomic force microscopy have clearly shown the coexistence of ordered tori and disordered coil structures within a single DNA molecule. Motivated by these experimental findings, we theoretically investigated the colla...

SJL/J (H-2 (8)) lymphocytes, primed in vitro against primary, cultured, and transplantable syngeneic reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS) were found to recognize and bind to the tumor without subsequent cytolysis. Additional data showed that the recognition was also directed against Ia molecules of the H-2(d), but not H-2(k), haplotype. Normal spleen cells of DBA/2, B 10.D2, and B 10.OL mice were boun...

Antibody heavy chains contain a variable and a constant region. The constant region of the antibody heavy chain is encoded by multiple groups of exons which define the isotype and therefore many functional characteristics of the antibody. We performed both single B cell RNAseq and long read single molecule sequencing of antibody heavy chain transcripts and were able to identify novel exons for ...

A hybrid peptide-enediyne molecule was synthesised and shown to undergo selective intramolecular peptide chain cleavage by the 1,4-diyl radical, the potential intermediate of the enediyne system.