Patch clamp method developed more than 30 years ago is widely used for investigation of cellular excitability manifested as transmembrane ionic current and/or generation of action potentials. This technique could be applied to measurement of ionic currents flowing through individual (single) ion channels or through the whole assembly of ion channels expressed in the whole cell. Whole cell confi...

The double-microelectrode voltage clamp technique was applied to small spheroidal aggregates of heart cells from 7-d chick embryos. A third intracellular electrode was sometimes used to monitor spatial homogeneity. On average, aggregates were found to deviate from isopotentiality by 12% during the first 3--5 ms of large depolarizing voltage steps, when inward current was maximal, and by less th...

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, sliding clamp) is a toroidal-shaped protein that encircles DNA and plays a pivotal role in DNA replication, modification and repair. To perform its vital functions, the clamp has to be opened and resealed at primer-template junctions by a clamp loader molecular machine, replication factor C (RFC). The mechanism of this process constitutes a significant ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus , family Coronaviridae. The SARS-CoV envelope protein E small (?8.4 kDa) channel-forming membrane whose sequence highly conserved between and SARS-CoV-2. As viroporin, it involved in various aspects virus life cycle including assembly, budding...

Sliding clamps are toroidal proteins that encircle DNA and act as mobile platforms for DNA replication and repair machinery. To be loaded onto DNA, the eukaryotic sliding clamp Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) must be splayed open at one of the subunit-subunit interfaces by the ATP-dependent clamp loader, Replication Factor C, whose clamp-interacting sites form a right-handed spiral. E...