today, due to the direct and reverse logistics plays an important role in reducing the costs in supply chain. in this paper, in order to provide a closed-loop supply chain network including supply centers, production, distribution, collection, recycling and disposal of a used linear mixed integer programming. this paper to consider multi-period and multi-product in multi-level supply chain and ...

In order to reduce identity theft and consumer loss caused by data breaches, many U.S. states have enacted laws requiring firms to notify individuals when their personal information has been stolen or lost. The effect of these disclosure laws has yet to be rigorously tested, and some claim that they only serve to burden firms and consumers with unnecessary costs. Leveraging the economic analysi...

BACKGROUND Medical Savings Accounts are an attempt to reduce health care costs by transferring responsibility for expenditures to patients, while providing them with state-supported base amounts to cover some of the costs. We wondered whether such a system would actually be effective, given the fact that medical care expenditures (and illness) are unequally distributed across the population. ...

Clinician dependent costs are the costs of care that are under the discretion of the healthcare provider. These costs include the costs of drugs, tests and investigations, and discretionary outpatient visits and impatient stays. The purpose of this review was to summarize recent evidence, relevant to both developed and developing countries on whether evidence based clinical guidelines can chang...

To control the overbreaking of an underground mining development gallery, controlled blasting technique was proposed and as a result it possible to reduce costs improve physical stability periphery opening, achieving greater safety for personnel equipment. With support geomechanical studies, rock quality advancing front determined, serving design drilling mesh choice distribution explosives in ...