A recent paper by Hartle [1] proposes a definition of “spacetime information” — the information available about a quantum system’s boundary conditions in the various sets of decohering histories it may display — and investigates its properties. We note here that the analysis of Ref. [1] contains errors which invalidate several of the conclusions. In particular, the proof that the proposed defin...

We give a definition of a net reproductive number R (0) for periodic matrix models of the type used to describe the dynamics of a structured population with periodic parameters. The definition is based on the familiar method of studying a periodic map by means of its (period-length) composite. This composite has an additive decomposition that permits a generalization of the Cushing-Zhou definit...

There is no consensus about a case definition of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In the present study, BPH prevalence rates were determined using various case definitions based on a combination of clinical parameters used to describe the properties of BPH: symptoms of prostatism, prostate volume increase, and bladder outflow obstruction. The aim of this study--in a community-based populatio...

The Institute of Medicine recently proposed a new case definition for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), as well as a new name, Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID). Contrary to the Fukuda et al.'s CFS case definition, there are few exclusionary illnesses specified for this new SEID case definition. The current study explored this decision regarding exclusionary illnesses using the SEID cr...

BACKGROUND The case definition for traumatic brain injury (TBI) often includes 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes. However, research has shown that the inclusion of these codes leads to false positives. As such, it is important to determine the degree to which inclusion of these codes affect the overall numbers and profiles of the TBI population. The objective of this paper was t...

In an effort to bring more standardization to the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Fukuda et al. case definition [1], the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed an empirical case definition [2] that specifies criteria and instruments to diagnose CFS. The present study investigated the sensitivity and specificity of this CFS empirical case definition with diagnosed individu...

We present a preliminary analysis of the use of WordNet hypernyms for answering “What-is” questions. We analyse the approximately 130 definitional questions in the TREC10 corpus with respect to our technique of Virtual Annotation (VA), which has previously been shown to be effective on the TREC9 definitional question set and other questions. We discover that VA is effective on a subset of the T...

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Finally, there is a definition problem between monophonic and polyphonic sounds. In the case of monophonic sound, the obvious definition is to pick the lowest partial as the fundamental frequency. In the case of polyphonic sounds, resulting either from one source (e.g., a piano) or from many sources (e.g., orchestra, choir), the definition is far more difficult, and approaches close to the prob...