The aim of this study was to evaluate if removal of Thermafil plastic carriers and reestablishment of working length were possible in single rooted teeth filled with the Thermafil system. Twenty freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were prepared and filled with #30 Thermafil plastic obturators according to manufacturer's recommendations. Teeth were divided in two groups: Group I: 10 tee...

Hot carrier thermalization is a major source of efficiency loss in solar cells. Because of the subpicosecond time scale and complex physics involved, a microscopic characterization of hot carriers is challenging even for the simplest materials. We develop and apply an ab initio approach based on density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory to investigate hot carriers in semicondu...

Measurements of the carrier relaxation dynamics in low-temperature-grown GaAs have been made with a femtosecond-resolution, time-resolved pump-probe technique using a subband-gap probe-beam wavelength. The transient absorption and index of refraction changes have been analyzed using a relaxation model with up to four different excited state populations. The carrier recombination time within the...

Organogel is a viscoelastic carrier system, can be regarded as a semi-solid preparation which has an immobilized external organic (apolar) phase. Organogels have evolved as one of the potential carrier system for topical delivery. When compared to other lipid based carrier systems, these prove to be better in terms of efficacy, feasibility and shelf life. Organogelator such as n-alkanes, fatty ...

The biochemical and biological characteristics of CRM(197) are reviewed. Polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines represent an important technological advancement that allowed for protection against dangerous diseases in vulnerable populations such as infants. The first carrier proteins, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, were chosen in the context of an extensive body of information describing t...

This article reports degradation experiments on organic thin film transistors using the small organic molecule pentacene as the semiconducting material. Starting with degradation inert p-type silicon wafers as the substrate and SiO2 as the gate dielectric, we show the influence of temperature and exposure to ambient air on the charge carrier field-effect mobility, on-off-ratio, and threshold-vo...

in this study, feasibility of upgrading and retrofitting municipal wastewater treatment plantswas investigated at laboratory scale using moving bed biofilm reactor (mbbr) process. for this purpose,an aerobic pilot was operated for nearly one year in different conditions, in which a moving bed carrier with aspecific biofilm surface area of 500 m2/m3 and a filling rate of 60% was utilized. system...

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) ultrathin nanosheets, as a well-known inorganic two dimensional (2D) material with a graphene-like structure, has attracted tremendous attention due to its unique microscopic and macroscopic properties brought by the confinement of charge and heat transfer upon the basal plane. However, as the prototype Mott-insulator, its relatively low conductivity and carrier conc...

Diamond is a promising material for the next generation of high-power and high-frequency semiconductor devices. In terms of its physical properties: high carrier saturation velocity (2.7·10 cm/s), high electron and hole mobility at low doping level, and record thermal conductivity, diamond significantly exceeds other semiconductor materials. Diamond is a wide-band gap semiconductor/insulator (b...