background: extracted sperm from the testis have poor motility. moreover, their motility changes during their journey through epidydimis. meanwhile, they face high concentration of l-carnitin. in addition, lactate dehydrogenase c4 (ldh-c4) gene disorders has been shown to cause impaired sperm motility, leading to infertility in male mice. the aim of this study was to evaluate sperm motility and...

A sequence S is potentially Km−C4 graphical if it has a realization containing a Km−C4 as a subgraph. Let σ(Km−C4, n) denote the smallest degree sum such that every n-term graphical sequence S with σ(S) ≥ σ(Km−C4, n) is potentially Km−C4 graphical. In this paper, we prove that σ(Km−C4, n) ≥ (2m−6)n−(m−3)(m−2)+2, for n ≥ m ≥ 4. We conjectured that equality holds for n ≥ m ≥ 4. We proved that thi...

In vitro studies were performed utilizing sera from a strain of guinea pigs with a total absence of hemolytically active C4. Previous studies in these animals have demonstrated normal complement-dependent inflammatory reactions, suggesting that they are able to bypass their deficiency of C4. In vitro studies with C4-deficient serum also indicate normal activation of late-acting C components. Th...

Rubisco is responsible for the fixation of CO2 into organic compounds through photosynthesis and thus has a great agronomic importance. It is well established that this enzyme suffers from a slow catalysis, and its low specificity results into photorespiration, which is considered as an energy waste for the plant. However, natural variations exist, and some Rubisco lineages, such as in C4 plant...

otitis media with effusion (ome) is very common in pediatric patients. immune reactions in serum and middle ear system play roles in the etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of otitis media. immunologically active antigens interact with immunocompetent cells in the lamina propria of the middle ear to produce a local immune response. in this investigation, 32 sera and 50 middle ear fluid sample...

Rubisco (for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), the enzyme that catalyzes the first major step in carbon fixation, is notoriously inefficient in this role, owing to its function as an oxygenase as well as a carboxylase. Photorespiration, the pathway followed when Rubisco catalyzes the oxygenation rather than carboxylation of the substrate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, can reduce the...

The C4 photosynthetic pathway evolved to allow efficient CO2 capture by plants where effective carbon supply may be limiting as in hot or dry environments, explaining the high growth rates of C4 plants such as maize. Important crops such as wheat and rice are C3 plants resulting in efforts to engineer them to use the C4 pathway. Here we show the presence of a C4 photosynthetic pathway in the de...

RNA-seq, the measurement of steady-state RNA levels by next generation sequencing, has enabled quantitative transcriptome analyses of complex traits in many species without requiring the parallel sequencing of their genomes. The complex trait of C4 photosynthesis, which increases photosynthetic efficiency via a biochemical pump that concentrates CO2 around RubisCO, has evolved convergently mult...