This paper introduces “capital ownership neutrality” (CON) and “national ownership neutrality” (NON) as benchmarks for evaluating the desirability of international tax reforms, and applies them to analyze recent U.S. tax reform proposals. Tax systems satisfy CON if they do not distort the ownership of capital assets, which promotes global efficiency whenever the productivity of an investment di...

Entrepreneurship development is an important tool to develop the individual and society as well as the country. Women play a vital role in the family and society as well. There is no evidence to the development of the country without considering women enhancement. Therefore, women are considering an important to develop the country. However they face challenges and difficulties in their day to ...

Non-collusive corruption, i.e., corruption that imposes an additional burden on business activity, is particularly widespread in low-income countries. We build a macroeconomic model with credit market imperfections and heterogeneous agents to explore the roots and consequences of this type of corruption. We find that credit market imperfections, by generating rents for the incumbent entrepreneu...

We have studied the evolutionary stages of pure e-tailers, click & mortar (C&M) and brick & mortar (B&M) retailers for three points of time: June 1999, June 2000, and June 2001. To evaluate the dynamic stages of etailing business as an innovative venture, we propose four stages: exploration, breakeven, growth, and maturity. The stages are measured by the impact of revenue and income on the firm...

How much should we expect monetary integration to reduce differences among participating economies? Using data for the 50 U.S. states over 1929–1999, the paper finds that large differences across states persist in both business-cycle variability and correlations of state income with the U.S. as a whole. It is also shown that about a third of a state’s business-cycle volatility is explained by i...