Esta revisão descreve os aspectos fundamentais, a instrumentação, as aplicações e tendências futuras de uma técnica analítica que se encontra em seu estágio de consolidação e que está em vias de estabelecer o seu nicho entre as técnicas espectrofotométricas modernas. A técnica é denominada Espectroscopia de Emissão em Plasma Induzido por Laser (em inglês, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, L...

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a powerful analytical technique that can be used for the detection and characterization of materials. In LIBS, a focused laser beam is used to generate a plasma plume on the surface of solid and liquid samples or inside the sample volume of gases, liquids, and aerosols. Each excited atom in the plasma emits a unique set of spectral lines, particula...

The breakdown voltage of mineral insulation oil was systematically investigated under the influences of moisture, acidity, pressure and particles. The standards IEC156/95 (VDE0370/Part5/96 and ASTM D1816) specified the test conditions. Moisture provides charge carriers, therefore a moisture saturation of 0 to 20 % decreases the breakdown voltage from 72 down to 61 kV. Acids as aging products de...

We provide a new de nition of breakdown in nite samples with an extension to asymptotic breakdown. Previous de nitions center around de ning a critical region for either the parameter or the objective function. If for a particular outlier constellation the critical region is entered, breakdown is said to occur. In contrast to the traditional approach, we leave the de nition of the critical regi...

Dielectric breakdown measurements were conducted on self-assembled monolayer (SAM)/native silicon oxide hybrid dielectrics using conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). By depositing silane coupling agents (SCAs) through a diffusional barrier layer, SAM roughness was decoupled from chemistry to compare the chemical effects of exposed R-group functionality on dielectric breakdown. Using Weib...

Experimental data for the bubble mode of breakdown in pipe ows is compared with calculations of the axisymmetric form of the Navier-Stokes equations. The location of breakdown in the calculations is found to be extremely sensitive to the inlet conditions; however, generally good agreement between the experimental and numerical breakdown locations is obtained. Detailed comparisons of the velocit...