Neurobiological models propose an evolutionary, vertical-integrative perspective on emotion and behavior regulation, which postulates that regulatory functions are processed along three core brain systems: the brainstem, limbic, and cortical systems. To date, few developmental studies applied these models to research on prenatal and perinatal risk. We propose a conceptual model that incorporate...

OBJECTIVE Temporal acuity in the auditory brainstem is correlated with left-dominant patterns of cortical asymmetry for processing rapid speech-sound stimuli. Here we investigate whether a similar relationship exists between brainstem processing of rapid speech components and cortical processing of syllable patterns in speech. METHODS We measured brainstem and cortical evoked potentials in re...

The brainstem is said to be the generator of pathological startle responses due to reticular reflex myoclonus or hyperekplexia. A patient with facial weakness, nystagmus, and pyramidal tract signs had generalised reflex spasms in response to auditory, visual and tactile stimuli which clinically and neurophysiologically resembled hyperekplexia. The case is unusual because as well as hyperekplexi...

A case of primary brainstem death in a man with surgically treated cerebellar haemorrhage is reported. Necropsy revealed extensive necrosis confined to the brainstem and cerebellum. The absence of diabetes insipidus and the persistence of electroencephalographic activity were the characteristic clinical features of the case. This differentiates the condition from so-called "whole brain death". ...

Brain death is defined as the cessation of cerebral and brainstem function. It is a clinical diagnosis made on the results of a series of brainstem reflex testing, in the absence of endogenous or exogenous poisons, toxins and hypothermia confounding the clinical picture. It is known that certain chemical agents in snake toxin can alter the neuronal function mimicking brainstem death. In such si...

Failure of brainstem supranuclear centers for saccadic eye movements results in the clinical presence of a brainstem-mediated supranuclear saccadic gaze palsy (SGP), which is manifested as slowing of saccades with or without range of motion limitation of eye movements and as loss of quick phases of optokinetic nystagmus. Limitation in the range of motion of eye movements is typically worse with...

UNLABELLED The differential diagnosis of hearing loss with air and bone Auditory Brainstem Response in small children has not been enough studied in Brazil. AIM To compare air and bone Auditory Brainstem Response results in children under 2 months of age with normal hearing. STUDY DESIGN clinical with transversal cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 children who passed the hearing screening w...

Here we review a role of a basal ganglia-brainstem (BG-BS) system throughout the mesopontine tegmentum in the control of various types of behavioral expression. First the basal ganglia-brainstem system may contribute to an automatic control of movements, such as rhythmic limb movements and adjustment of postural muscle tone during locomotion, which occurs in conjunction with voluntary control p...