Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease impact a multitude of individuals worldwide. The neural Glymphatic system is relatively newly discovered cellular transport pathway within the brain that has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. This article serves to provide journal club review current literature on raise awareness this and its potential for future treatment prev...

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal vessels that prone to rupture, causing life-threatening intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis, timely diagnosis, and treatment brain AVMs some urgent problems in neurosurgery. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) small endogenous RNAs regulate gene-expression posttranscriptionally. MiRNAs involved almost all biologi...

Cerebrovascular diseases are conditions caused by problems with brain vasculature, which have a high morbidity and mortality. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the brain and crucial for the formation and resolution of brain edema. Considering brain edema is an important pathophysiological change after stoke, AQP4 is destined to have close relation with cerebrovascular dis...

The study of the effects bilingualism on brain structure has gained significant traction in last decade, naturally following pioneering work by Ellen Bialystok and others cognition. However, despite general interest enthusiasm about related evidence, field bilingualism-induced structural plasticity remains young relatively unexplored. At same time, this been largely limited to healthy populatio...

1Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, 2-172 Fukinodai, Tokai, Aichi 476-8588, Japan 2Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanaido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan 3Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital,...

Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune modulation through the brain-gut axis likely has a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The brain-gut axis involves interactions between the neural components including; a) the autonomic nervous system, b) the central nervous system c) the stress system (hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, HPA) and d) the (i.e. gastro-intestinal) cort...