Treatments for brain dysfunction have relied traditionally on medication-based approaches. Non-invasive transcranial electric stimulation (tES) approaches such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) offer an alternative approach for psychiatric treatment. In this approach, low level (1–2 mA) currents are applied over appropriate...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the sustained attention and cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type II. Methods: The research method was causal-comparative (case-control) type. Statistical population was all the patients with bipolar disorder type II and schizophrenia at Isar and Fatemi hospitals in 2015 i...

OBJECTIVE Little is known about how often bipolar depressive episodes are accompanied by subsyndromal manic symptoms in bipolar I and II disorders. The authors sought to determine the frequency and clinical correlates of manic symptoms during episodes of bipolar depression. METHOD From among 4,107 enrollees in the National Institute of Mental Health's Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program ...

Current clinical and epidemiological research provides support for a continuum of bipolar psychopathology: a bipolar spectrum that ranges from subthreshold characteristics to clinical disorders. The present research examined risk for bipolar spectrum psychopathology at a 3-year follow-up assessment in a nonclinically ascertained sample of 112 young adults identified by the Hypomanic Personality...

Parallel processing of an image projected onto the retina starts at the first synapse, the cone pedicle, and each cone feeds its light signal into a minimum of eight different bipolar cell types. Hence, the morphological classification of bipolar cells is a prerequisite for analyzing retinal circuitry. Here we applied common bipolar cell markers to the cone-dominated ground squirrel retina, stu...

BACKGROUND The Bipolar Depression Rating Scale is an instrument to measure depression severity in patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. This study has reevaluated the psychometric values of the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale through assessing an Iranian sample of patients with bipolar depression. METHODS A total of 60 patients (36 males and 24 females) with bipolar depression referred to...

The Kraepelinian dichotomy sees schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as two distinctly separate diseases each with its own pathogenesis and disease process. This study looks at the difference between patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in terms of suicidal behaviour. Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been identified as significant risk factors for suicide, while bipolar an...

CONTEXT Although bipolar disorder may have its onset during childhood, little is known about national trends in the diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in young people. OBJECTIVES To present national trends in outpatient visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and to compare the treatment provided to youth and adults during those visits. DESIGN We compare rates of growth betwee...

The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR6), expressed by rod bipolar cells and ON cone bipolar cells, activates a trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) that ultimately closes a cation channel. The G-protein remains unidentified, but the alpha subunit of Go (Go(alpha)) has been suggested as a candidate because it is present in rod bipolar cells. However, the precise subcellul...